Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bioprocess strategies and recovery processes in gibberellic acid fermentation

  • Published:
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a commercially important plant growth hormone, which is gaining much more attention all over the world due to its effective use in agriculture and brewing industry. Industrially it is produced by submerged fermentation technique using Ascomycetous fungusGibberella fujikuroi. Solid state and immobilized cell fermentation techniques had also been developed as an alternative to obtain higher yield of GA3. This review summarizes the problems of GA3 fermentation such as production of co-secondary metabolites along with GA3, substrate inhibition and degradation of GA3 to biologically inert compound gibberellenic acid, which limits the yield of GA3 in the fermentation medium. These problems can be overcome by various bioprocessing strategiese.g. two-stage and fed batch cultivation processes. Further research on bioreactor operation strategies such as continuous and/or extractive fermentation with or without cell recycle/retention system need to be investigated for improvement in yield and productivity. Down stream processing for GA3 isolation is also a challenge and procedures available for the same have been critically evaluated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jefferys, E. G. (1970) The Gibberellin fermentation.Adv. Appl. Biol. 13: 283–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. TudzYnski, B. (1999) Biosynthesis of gibberellin inGibberella fujikuroi bimolecular aspects.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52: 298–310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bruckner, B. and D. Blechschmidt (1991) The gibberellins fermentation.Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 11: 163–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kumar, P. K. R. and B. K. Lonsane (1989) Microbial production of gibberellins: State of the art.Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 34: 29–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Thakur, M. S. and K. M. Vyas (1983) Production of plant growth regulator by someFusarium sp.Folia. Microbiol. 28: 124–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. KerenYi, Z., K. Zeller, L. Hornok, and J. F. Leslie (1999) Molecular standardization of mating tYpe terminologY in theGibberella fujikuroi species complex.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 9: 4071–4076.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Linnemannstons, P., J. Schulte, M. del M. Prado, R. H. Proctor, J. Avalos, and B. TudzYnski (2002) The polyketide synthase genepks4 fromGibberella fujikuroi encodes a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the red pigment bikaverin,Fung. Genetic. Biol. 37: 134–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kawanabe, Y., H. Yamane, T. Murayama, N. Takahashi, and T. Nakamura (1983) Identification of gibberellin A3 in mycelia ofNeurospora crassa.Agric. Biol. Chem. 47: 1693–1694.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sassa, T., K. Suzuki, and E. Haruki (1989) Isolation and identification of gibberellin A4 and A9 from a fungusPhaeosphaeria sp.Agric. Biol. Chem. 53: 303–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rademacher, W. (1994) Gibberellin formation in microorganisms.Plant. Growth. Reg. 15: 303–314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mander, L. N. (1992) The chemistry of gibberellins: An overview.Chem. Rev. 92: 573–612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yabuta, T., Y. Sumiki, and S. Uno (1939) Biochemical studies on bakanae fungus of rice: IV. The cultural condition for producing gibberellin or fusaric acid.J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan 15: 1209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Borrow, A., P. W. Brian, V. E. Chester, P. J. Curtis, H. G. Hemming, C. Henehan, E. G. Jeffreys, P. B. Lloyd, I. S. Nixon, G. L. F. Norris, and M. Radley (1955) Gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungusGibberella fujikuroi: some observations on its production and isolation.J. Sci. Food. Agric 6: 340–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gancheva, V., T. Dimova, K. Kamenov, and M. Foutekova (1984) Biosynthesis of gibberellins: III. Optimization of nutrient medium for biosynthesis of gibberellins upon using mathematical methods for planning the experiment.Acta. Microbiol. Bulg. 14: 80–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Borrow, A., S. Brown, E. G. Jeffreys, R. H. J. Kessell, E. C. Lloyd, P. B. Lloyd, A. Rothwell, and J. C. Swait (1964) The kinetics of metabolism ofGibberella fujikuroi in stirred culture.Can. J. Microbiol. 10: 407–444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Borrow, A., S. Brown, E. G. Jeffrey, R. H. J. Kessel, E. C. Lloyd, P. B. Lloyd, A. Rothwell, and J. C. Swait (1964) The effect of varied temperature on the kinetics of metabolism ofGibberella fujikuroi in stirred culture.Can. J. Microbiol. 10: 445–466.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bruckner, B. and D. Blechschmidt (1991) Nitrogen regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis inGibberella fujikuroi.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35: 646–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Silva E. M. E., L. Dendooven, J. A. U. Reynell, A. I. M. Ramirez, G. G. Alatorre, M. M. De la Torre (1999) Morphological development and gibberellin production by different strains ofGibberella fujikuroi in shake flasks and bioreactor.World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 753–755.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sanchez-Marroquin, A. (1963) Microbiological production of gibberellic acid in glucose medium.Appl. Microbiol. 11: 523–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Darken, M. A., A. L. Jensen, and P. Shu (1959) Production of gibberellic acid by fermentation.Appl. Microbiol. 7: 301–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fuska, J., I. Kuhr, M. Podojil, and V. Sevcik (1961) The influence of the nitrogen source on the production of gibberellic acid in submerged cultivation ofGibberella fujikuroi.Folia. Microbiol. 6: 18–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Podojil, M., and A. Ricicova (1964) Influence of the soyameal fractions on gibberellic acid and gibberellin A production in submerged cultivation ofG. fujikuroi.Folia. Microbiol. 10: 55–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Munoz, G. A. and E. Agosin (1993) Glutamine involvement in nitrogen control of gibberellic acid production inGibberella fujikuroi.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 12: 4317–4322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sanchez-Fernandez, R., J. Avalos, and E. Cerda-Olmedo (1997) Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis by nitrate inGibberella fujikuroi.FEBS Lett. 413: 35–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bruckner, B. (1992) Regulation of gibberellin formation by the fungusGibberella fujikuroi.Ciba Foundation Symp. 171: 129–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gancheva, V. and T. Dimova (1991) Influence of the carbon source on the biosynthesis of gibberellins.Acta. Microbiol. Bulg. 27: 30–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gonzalez, P. C., G. Delgado, M. Antigua, J. Rodriguez, P. Larralde, G. Viniegra, L. Pozo, and M. del C. Perez (1994) Some aspects ofGibberella fujikuroi culture concerning gibberellic acid production.Adv. Bioprocess. Eng. 425–430.

  28. Hommel, R., K. Nitzsche, G. Basset, S. Schubert, H. J. Huehn, K. H. Schurig, H. Haeckert, B. Geyer, K. Jasche, and E. Schikowsk (1989) Manufacture of gibberellic acid by growth ofFusarium moniliforme on hydrophobic carbon sources.Patent No. DD 267,057.

  29. Maddox, I. S. and S. H. Richert (1977) Production of gibberellic acid using a dairy waste as the basal medium.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 201–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gohlwar, C. S., R. P. Sethi, S. S. Marwaha, and V. K. Seghal (1984) Gibberellic acid biosynthesis from whey and simulation of cultural parameters.Enzyme Microb. Technol. 6: 312–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sastry, K. S. M., P. Singh, M. V. V. S. Rao, and C. V. S. Subrahmanyam (1988) Possibility of utilizing industrial residues in gibberellic acid fermentation.Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 26: 851–853.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cihangir, N. and N. Aksoz (1996) Production of gibberellic acid byAspergillus niger using some food industry wastes.Acta. Microbiol. Pol. 45: 291–297.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Pastrana, L. M., M. P. Gonzalez, and M. A. Murado (1993) Production of gibberellic acid from mussel processing wastes in submerged batch culture.Bioresource. Technol. 45: 213–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pastrana, L. M., M. P. Gonzalez, A. Torrado, and M. A. Murado (1995) A fed batch culture model for improved production of gibberellic acid from waste medium.Biotechnol. Lett. 17: 263–268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Holme, T. and B. Zacharias (1965) Gibberellic acid fermentation in continuous culture.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 7: 405–415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bu’ Lock, J. D., R. Detroy, Z. Hostalek, and A. Muninal-Shakardu (1974) Regulation of secondary biosynthesis inGibberella fujikuroi.Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 62: 377–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gallazzo, J. L. and M. D. Lee (2001) Production of high titers of gibberellins GA4 and GA7 byGibberella fujikuroi strain LTB-1027. Patent No. US 6,287,800.

  38. Yan, F. and J. Lin (1999)Gibberella fujikuroi strain used for industrial fermentation production of gibberellins A4 and A7.Patent No. CN 1,222,575.

  39. Birch, A. J., I. S. Nixon, and J. H. Grove (1960) Improved process for the manufacture of gibberellic acid.Patent No. GB 844341.

  40. Tachibana, A., M. Kubota, and M. Azuma (1994) Gibberellins manufacture withGibberella froment-Kaurene.Patent No. JP 06 90,775.

  41. Kumar, P. K. R. and B. K. Lonsane (1987) Potential of fed batch culture in solid-state fermentation for production of gibberellic acid.Biotechnol. Lett. 9: 179–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hesseltine, C. W. (1972) Solid-state fermentation.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14: 517–532.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Robinson, T., D. Singh, and P. Nigam (2001) Solid-state fermentation a promising microbial technology for secondary metabolite production.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 55: 284–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kumar, P. K. R. and B. K. Lonsane (1987) Gibberellic acid by solid-state fermentation: Consistent and improved yields.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 30: 267–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kumar, P. K. R. and B. K. Lonsane (1990) SSF: Physical and nutritional factors influencing gibberellic acid production.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34: 145–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Soccol, C. R., C. M. M. Machado, and O. de Heleno (2001) Production of gibberellic acid by solid state fermentation of a mixed substratePatent No. BR 2000,00,525.

  47. Prema, P., M. S. Thakur, S. G. Prapulla, S. V. Ramakrishna, and B. K. Lonsane (1988) Production of gibberellic acid by solid state fermentation: Potential and feasibility.Ind. J. Microbiol. 28: 78–81.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kumar, P. K. R. and B. K. Lonsane (1988) Batch and fed batch solid-state fermentation: kinetics of cell growth, hydrolytic enzymes production and gibberellic acid production.Proc. Biochem. 23: 43–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Oian, X. M., J. C. du Preez, and S. G. Killan (1994) Ractors affecting gibberellic acid production byF. moniliforme in solid-state cultivation on starch.World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Barrios-Gonzalez, J., A. Tomasini, and C. Fajardo (1997) Gibberellic acid production using different solid state fermentation systems.World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13: 203–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Gelmi, C., R. Perez-Correa, and E. Agosin (2001) Modelling ofG. fujikuroi growth and gibberellic acid production in solid state fermentation.Proc. Biochem. (in press).

  52. Bandelier, S., R. Renaud, and A. Durand (1997) Production of gibberellic acid by fed batch solid state fermentation; in an aseptic pilot scale reactor.Proc. Biochem. 32: 141–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Agosin, E., M. Maureira, V. Biffani, and F. Perez (1997) Production of gibberellins by solid substrate cultivation ofGibberella fujikuroi. pp. 355–366 In: S. Roussos, B. K. Lonsane, M. Raimbault, and G. Viniegra-Gonzalez, (eds.).Advances in Solid-state Fermentation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Gelmi, C., R. Perez-Correa, M. Gonzalez, and E. Agosin (2000) Solid substrate cultivation ofGibberella fujikuroi on an inert support.Proc. Biochem. 35: 1227–1233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kumar, P. K. R., and B. K. Lonsane (1988) Immobilized growing cells ofGibberella fujikuroi P3 for production of gibberellic acid and pigment in batch and semi continuous culture.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28: 537–542.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Silva, E. M. E., L. Dendooven, P. M. Ignacio, R. Magana, S. Parra, and M. De La Torre (2000) Optimization of gibberellic acid production by immobilizedGibberella fujikuroi mycelium in fluidized bioreactors.J. Biotechnol. 76: 147–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Nava-Saucedo, J. E., J. N. Barbotin, and D. Thomas (1989) Physiological and morphological modification in immobilizedGibberella fujikuroi mycelia.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 2377–2384.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nava-Saucedo, J. E., J. N. Barbotin, and D. Thomas (1989) Continuous production of gibberellic acid in a fixed bed reactor by immobilized mycelia ofGibberella fujikuroi in calcium alginate beads.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30: 226–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kahlon, S. S. and S. Malhotra (1986) Production of gibberellic acid by fungal mycelium immobilized in sodium alginate.Enzyme. Microb. Technol. 8: 613–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jones, J., and R. P. Pharis (1987) Production of gibberellins and bikaverin by cells ofGibberella fujikuroi immobilized in carrageenan.J. Ferment. Technol. 65: 717–722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lu, Z., Z. C. Xie, and M. Kumakura (1995) Production of gibberellic acid inGibberella fujikuroi adhered on to polymeric fibrous carrier.Proc. Biochem. 30: 661–665.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lu, Z., Z. C. Xie, and M. Kumakura (1995) Adhesion ofGibberella fujikuroi cells on surfaces of carriers by radiation polymerization.Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46: 389–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tudzynski, B., P. Hedden, E. Carrera, and P. Gaskin (2001) The P450-4 gene ofGibberella fujikuroi encodesent-Kaurene oxidase in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 3514–3522.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rojas, M. C., P. Hedden, P. Gaskin, and B. Tudzynski (2001) TheP450-1 gene ofGibberella fujikuroi encodes a multifunctional enzyme in gibberellin biosynthesis.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 5838–5843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Tudzynski, B., M. C. Rojas, P. Gaskin, and P. Hedden (2002) The gibberellin 20-oxidase ofGibberella fujikuroi is a multifunctional monooxygenase.J. Biol. Chem. 277: 21246–21253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Woitek, S., S. S. Unkles, J. R. Kinghorn, and B. Tudzynski (1997) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene ofGibberella fujikuroi: Isolation and characterization.Curr. Genet. 31: 38–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Homann, V., K. Mende, C. Arntz, V. Ilardi, G. Macino, G. Morelli, G. Bose, and B. Tudzynski (1996) The isoprenoid pathway: Cloning and characterization of fungalFPPS genes.Curr. Genet. 30: 232–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mende, K., V. Homann, and B. Tudzynski (1997) The geranyl geranyl diphosphate synthase gene ofGibberella fujikuroi: Isolation and expression.Mol. Gen. Genetics. 255: 96–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tudzynski, B., and K. Holter (1998) The gibberellin biosynthetic pathway inGibberella fujikuroi: Evidence for a gene cluster.Fungal Genetic. Biol. 25: 157–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Graebe, J. E. (1987) Gibberellin biosynthesis and control.Ann. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 38: 419–465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hedden, P. and Y. Kamiya (1997) Gibberellin biosynthesis: Enzymes, genes and their regulation.Ann. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 48: 431–460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Urrutia, O., P. Hedden, and M. C. Royan (2001) Monooxygenase involved in GA12 and GA14 synthesis inGibberella fujikuroi.Phytochemistry 56: 505–511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bearder, J. R., J. Mac Millan, M. Wels, M. B. Chaffey, and B. O. Phinney (1974) Position of the metabolic block for gibberellin biosynthesis in mutant B1-41 a ofGibberella fujikuroi.Phytochemistry 13: 911–917.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Giordano, W., J. Avalos, E. Cerda-Olmedo, and C. E. Domenech (1999) Nitrogen availability and production of bikaverin and gibberellins inGibberella fujikuroi.FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 173: 389–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Garbayo, J., C. Vilchez, J. E. Nava-Saucedo, and J. N. Barbotin (2003) Nitrogen, carbon and light mediated regulation studies of carotenoid biosynthesis in immobilized mycelia ofGibberella fujikuroi.Enzyme. Microb. Technol. 33: 629–634.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Giordano, W., and C. E. Domenech (1999) Aeration affects acetate destination inGibberella fujikuroi.FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 180: 111–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Roisin, C., C. Bienaime, J. E. Nava Saucedo, and J. N. Barbotin (1996) Influence of the microenvironment on immobilizedGibberella fujikuroi.Prog. Biotechnol. 11: 189–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Roisin, C., J. E. Nava Saucedo, and J. N. Barbotin (1996) Diversified shunt to the production of different proportions of secondary metabolites (polyketides and terpenes) induced by varying immobilization constraints onGibberella fujikuroi.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 782: 61–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gerzon, K., H. L. Bird, and D. O. Woolf (1957) Gibberellenic acid a by-product of gibberellic acid fermentation.Experientia 13: 487–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Perez, J. F., A. Vecchiola, M. Pinto, and E. Agosin (1996) Gibberellic acid decomposition and its loss of biological activity in aqueous solutions.Phytochemistry 41: 675–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hollmann, D., S. Geipel, J. Switalski, and U. Onken (1995) Extractive fermentation of gibberellic acid byGibberella fujikuroi.J. Ferment. Bioeng. 79: 594–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Dockerill, B. and J. R. Hanson (1981) The effect of exogenous gibberellic acid on gibberellin biosynthesis byGibberella fujikuroi.Phytochemistry. 20: 2679–2681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Goswami, V. and A. K. Srivastava (2001) Propionic acid production in anin situ cell retention bioreactor.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56: 676–680.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Laplace, J. M., J. P. Delgenes, R. Moletta, and J. M. Navarro (1993) Ethanol production from glucose and xylose by separated and coculture processes using high cell density system.Proc. Biochem. 28: 519–525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mulchandani, A. and B. Volesky (1994) Production of acetone-butanol ethanol byClostridium acetobutylicum using a spin filter perfusion bioreactor.J. Biotechnol. 34: 51–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Melzoch, K., J. Votruba, V. Habova, and M. Rychtera (1997) Lactic acid production in a cell retention continuous culture using lignocellulosic hydrolyzate as a substrate.J. Biotechnol. 56: 25–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Freeman, A., J. M. Woodley, and M. D. Lilly (1993)In situ product removal as a tool for bioprocessing.Biotechnol. 11: 1007–1012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zijlstra, G. M., C. D. de Gooijer, and J. Tramper (1998) Extractive bioconversions in aqueous two-phase systems.Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9: 171–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Muge, K., B. Emine, A. Selma, and M. Ulku (2002) Investigation of extractive citric acid fermentation using response surface methodology.Proc. Biochem. 37: 759–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Gu, Z., B. A. Glatz, and C. E. Glatz (1998) Propionic acid production by extractive fermentation: I Solvent considerations.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 57(4): 454–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zigova, J., E. Sturdik, D. Vandak, and S. Schlosser (1999) Butyric acid production byClostridium butyricum with integrated extraction and pertraction.Proc. Biochem. 34: 835–843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Matsumoto, M., T. Takagi, and K. Kondo (1998) Separation of lactic acid using polymeric membrane containing a mobile carrier.J. Ferment. Bioeng. 85: 483–487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sinha, J., P. K. Dey, and T. Panda (2000) Aqueous two phase: the system of choice for extractive fermentation.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54: 476–486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kuhn, I. (1980) Alcoholic fermentation in an aqueous two-phase system.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 22: 2393–2398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Mattiasson, B., M. Suominen, E. Andersson, L. Haggstrom, P. A. Albertsson, and B. Hahn-Hagerdal (1982) Solvent production byClostridium acetobutylicum in aqueous two phase system. pp. 153–155. In: I. Chibata, S. Fukui and L. B. Wingard (eds.),Enzyme Engineering. Vol. 6, Plenum, NY, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kwon, Y. J., R. Kaul, and B. Mattiasson (1996) Extractive lactic acid fermentation in poly (ethyleneimine)-based aqueous two-phase system.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 50: 280–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gupta, V., S. Nath, and S. Chand (2002) Electrostatic interactions, phase separation behaviour and partitioning of proteins in polyelectrolyte based aqueous two-phase systems.Ind. J. Biotechnol. 1: 87–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Borrow, A., E. G. Jeffery, and I. S. Nixon (1959) Process of producing GA3 by two stage cultivation ofGibberella fujikuroi. Patent No. US 2, 906670.

  99. Timothy, D. L. and S. D. Bruce (2000) Xylitol production from corn fibre hydrolysates by a two-stage fermentation process.Proc. Biochem. 35: 765–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. De Carvalho Lima, K. G., C. M. Takahashi, and F. Alterthum (2002) Ethanol production from corn cob hydrolysates byEscherichia coli: KO11.J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29: 124–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Fang, Q. H. and J. J. Zhong (2002) Two-stage culture process for improved production of ganoderic acid by liquid fermentation of higher fungusGanoderma lucidum.Biotechnol. Prog. 18: 51–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Quesada-Chanto, A., A. S. Afschar, and F. Wagner (1994) Microbial production of propionic acid and vitamin B12 using molasses or sugar.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41: 378–383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hartlep, M., W. Hussmann, N. Prayitno, I. Meynial-Salles, P. P. Zeng (2002) Study of two stage processes for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol from glucose.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 60–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Neumann, E., S. Mueller, E. Butter, B. Fengler, P. Kramer, H. Koellner, R. Kuenstler, J. Ludwig, and H. Haeckert (1989) Isolation of gibberellins from culture filtrate.Patent No. DD-266591.

  105. Koellner, H., J. Ludwig, H. W. Leonhard, E. Neumann, D. Paul, G. Kerns, and J. Steffen (1990) Isolation and purification of gibberellic acid from culture media. Patent No. DD 282,241.

  106. Li, Z., J. Lei, and D. Zhang (1992) Solvent extraction of gibberellin from fermentation filtrate.Patent No. CN 1,063,309.

  107. Rachev, R. C., R. Pavlova-Rouseva, S. V. Bojkova, and V. K. Gancheva (1993) Isolation of gibberellic acid produced byF. moniliforme.J. Nat. Products. 56: 1168–1170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Heropolitanski, R., J. M. Kominiak, and M. Machalowska (1994) Method of isolating gibberellins from aqueous solutions.Patent No. PL 163, 608.

  109. Kumar, P. K. R., K. U. Sankar, and B. K. Lonsane (1991) Supercritical fluid extraction from dry moldy bran for purification of gibberellic acid from concomitant products produced during SSF.Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. 46: B53-B58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kumar, P. K. R. and B. K. Lonsane (1987) Extraction of gibberellic acid from dry mouldy bran produced under solid state fermentation.Proc. Biochem. 22: 139–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016, New Delhi, India

    Ruchi Shukla, Ashok K. Srivastava & Subhash Chand

Authors
  1. Ruchi Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ashok K. Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Subhash Chand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashok K. Srivastava.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shukla, R., Srivastava, A.K. & Chand, S. Bioprocess strategies and recovery processes in gibberellic acid fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 8, 269–278 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02949216

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02949216

Keywords

Search

Navigation