Cited References
05Fri: K. Friedrich and A. Leroux, “Lead and Sulfur,”Metallurgie, 2, 536–539 (1905) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
07Fri: K. Friedrich, “The Melting Diagrams of the Binary Systems,”Metallurgie, 14, 479–485 (1907) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
12Hei: W. Heike, “II. The System Lead Sulfide-Tin Sulfide,”Metallurgie, 9, 316–319 (1912) in German. (Equi Diagram, Experimental)
25Jel: K. Jellinek and J. Zakowski, “A Study of the Affinity of Metals to Sulfur,”Z. Anorg. Chem., 142, 1–53 (1925) in German. (Thermo; Experimental)
29Jel: K. Jellinek and A. Deubel, “The Reduction Equilibrium of Pb−S and the Chemical Constants of S and H2S,”Z. Electrochem., 35, 451–457 (1929) in German. (Thermo; Experimental)
39Gre: J.N. Greenwood and H.W. Worner, “The Constitution of Dilute Alloys of Lead with Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium,”J. Inst. Met., 115(2), 435–445 (1939). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
39Kap: A.F. Kapustinsky and J.A. Makolkin, “A Determination of the Standard Free Energies of Formation of Metallic Sulphides by the Method of Electromotive Forces of Galvanic Cells,”Acta Physicochim. URSS, 10(2), 245–258 (1939). (Thermo; Experimental)
50Sud: K. Sudo, “Fundamental Researches on Smelting of Sulfide Ores. IV. On the Equilibrium in the Reduction of Solid Lead Sulfide by Hydrogen Gas,”Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tôhuku Univ. A, 2, 325–330 (1950). (Thermo; Experimental)
51Sud: K. Sudo, “Fundamental Researches on Smelting of Sulfide Ores. X. On the Equilibrium in the Reduction of Sulfur in Molten Lead by Hydrogen Gas,”Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tôhuku Univ. A, 3, 631–638 (1951). (Thermo; Experimental)
52Hsi: C.M. Hsiao and A.W. Schlechten, “Volatility and Stability of Metallic Sulfides,”J. Met., 4, 65–69 (1952). (Thermo; Experimental)
56Blo: J. Bloem and F.A. Kroger, “TheP-T-X Phase Diagram of the Lead-Sulfur System,”Z. Phys. Chem., 7, 1–14 (1956). (Equi Diagram, Thermo; Experimental)
57Kiu: K. Kiukkola and C. Wagner, “Measurements on Galvanic Cells Involving Solid Electrolytes,”J. Electrochem. Soc., 104, 379–387 (1957). (Thermo; Experimental)
59Stu: J.R. Stubbles and C.E. Birchenall, “A Redetermination of the Lead-Lead Sulfide Equilibrium between 585 and 920°C,”Trans. AIME, 215, 535–539 (1959). (Thermo; Experimental)
60Sud: K. Sudo, “Vapor Pressure of Lead and Germanium Sulfides,”Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tôhuku Univ. A, 12, 54–61 (1960). (Thermo; Experimental)
61Bla: R.F. Blanks and G.M. Willis, “Equilibria Between Lead, Lead Sulfide, and Cuprous Sulfide and the Decopperizing of Lead with Sulfur,”Physical Chemistry of Process Metallurgy, Pt. 2, Interscience Publishers, New York, 991–1028 (1961). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
61Che: L.L. Cheng and C.B. Alcock, “A Thermodynamic Study of Dilute Solutions of Sulfur in Liquid Tin and Lead,”Trans. AIME, 221, 295–300 (1961). (Thermo; Experimental)
62Col: R. Colin and J. Drowart, “Thermodynamic Study of Tin Sulfide and Lead Sulfide Using a Mass Spectrometer,”J. Chem. Phys., 37(5), 1102–1125 (1962). (Thermo; Experimental)
63Isa: R.A. Isakova, V.N. Nesterov, and A.S. Shendyapin, “Vapor Pressures of Lead and Indium Sulfides,”Zh. Neorg. Khim., 8(1), 18–21 (1963) in Russian; TR:Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 8(1), 8–11 (1963). (Thermo; Experimental)
64Tak: T. Takahashi, W.A. Bassett, and J.S. Weaver, “Crystallograhic Study of High-Pressure Phases of Lead Sulfide, Selenide, and Telluride and Its Implication to the Study of Mantle,”Geol. Soc. Am., Special Papers,76, 162–163 (1964). (Equi Diagram, Crys Structure; Experimental)
65Nen: Y. Nensberg and A. Petrov, “Thermallly Generated Charge Carriers in PbS,”Inorg. Mater., 1, 1365 (1965). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
65Pri: I. Prigogine and R. Defay,Chemical Thermodynamics, Longmans Green and Co., London (1965).
Indicates key paper66Mil: E. Miller and K.L. Komarek, “Retrograde Solubility in Semiconducting Intermetallic Compounds. Liquidus Curves in the Pb−S, Pb−Se, and Pb−Te System,”Trans. AIME, 236, 832–840 (1966). (Equi Diagram; Experimental; Indicates presence of a phase diagram)
66Twi: L.G. Twidewell and A.H. Larson, “The Influence of Additive Elements on the Activity Coefficient of Sulfur in Liquid Lead at 600°C,”Trans. AIME, 236, 1414–1420 (1966). (Thermo; Experimental)
67Boe: E.I. Boev, N.V. Minaeva, and L.D. Kalashnikova, “The Effect of Diffusional Transport in the Measurement of Vapor Pressure by the Jet Method,”Zh. Fiz. Khim., 41(6), 1365–1368 (1967) in Russian; TR:Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 51(6), 724–726 (1967). (Thermo; Experimental)
67Str: A.J. Strauss, “Retrograde Solubility of Lead inn-Type PbS,”Trans. AIME, 239, 794–798 (1967). (Thermo; Experimental)
68Wak: I. Wakabayashi, H. Kobayashi, H. Nagasaki, and S. Minomura, “The Effect of Pressure on the Lattice Parameters Part I. PbS and PbTe Part II. Gd, NiO, and alpha-MnS,”J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 25(1), 227–233 (1968). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
Indicates key paper69Cho: N. Chou, K. Komarek, and E. Miller, “Retrograde Solubility of PbS, PbSe, and PbTe,”Trans. AIME, 245, 1553–1560 (1969). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
Indicates key paper69Kul: G. Kullerud, “The Lead Sulfur System,”Am. J. Sci., 267(A), 233–256 (1969). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
70Gra: R.M. Grant and B. Russell, “A Thermodynamic Study of Dilute Sulfur and CuS Solutions in Lead,”Metall. Trans., 1, 75–83 (1970). (Thermo; Experimental)
71JAN: JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed., National Bureau of Standards (1971).
71Tho: W.T. Thompson and S.N. Flengas, “Drop Calorimetric Measurements on Some Chlorides, Sulfides, and Binary Melts,”Can. J. Chem., 49, 1550–1563 (1971). (Thermo; Experimental)
74Leu: A.P. Leushina and M.V. Simonova, “Measurement by the Electromotive Force Method of the Transport Numbers of Lead Diodide and the Deviations from Stoichiometry in Lead Chalcogenides,”Zh. Fiz. Khim., 48(5), 1187–1189, (1974) in Russian; TR:Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 48(5), 687–688 (1974). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)
Indicates key paper74Mil: K.C. Mills,Thermodynamic Data for Inorganic Sulfides, Selenides, and Tellurides, Butterworth and Co., London (1974).
76Har: T.C. Harman and A.J. Struss, “Preparation and Properties of PbS Crystals with Low Carrier Concentrations,”J. Electron. Mater., 5, 621–644 (1976). (Equi Diagram, Thermo; Experimental)
76Sch: R. Schuhmann, Jr., P.-C. Chen, P. Palanisamy, and D.H.R. Sarma, “Thermodynamics of Converting Lead Sulfide,”Metall. Trans. B, 7, 95–101 (1976). (Thermo; Theory)
77Bre: R.F. Brebrick, “Analysis of the Solidus Lines for PbTe and SnTe,”J. Electron. Mater., 6, 659–692 (1977). (Equi Diagram, thermo; Theory)
79Sha: R.C. Sharma and Y.A. Chang, “Thermodynamics and Phase Relationships of Transition Metal-Sulfur System: Part III. Thermodynamic Properties of the Fe−S Liquid Phase and the Calculation of the Fe−S Phase Diagram,”Metall. Trans. B, 10, 103–108 (1979).
81Sha: M. Shamsuddin and S. Misra, “Thermodynamic Investigations of Lead Chalcogenides,”Chemical Metallurgy—A Tribute to Carl Wagner, N.A. Gokcen, Ed., The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 241–256 (1981). (Thermo; Experimental)
83Koh: J. Koh and K. Itagaki, “Thermodynamic Investigation of the Liquid Pb−S Binary System by Using a Drop-Calorimeter,”Res. Inst. Min. Dress. Met., Tôhuku Univ., 39(1), 38–50 (1983) in Japanese. (Thermo; Experimental)
84Chu: Y.-Y. Chuang, R. Schmid, and Y.A. Chang, “Thermodynamic Analysis of the Fe−Cu System I: The Stable and Metastable Phase Equilibria,”Metall. Trans. A, 15, 1921–1930 (1984).
85Sch: R. Schmid and Y.A. Chang, “A Thermodynamic Study on an Associated Solution Model for Liquid Alloys,”Calphad, 9, 363–382 (1985).
86Lin: J.-C. Lin, T. Leo Ngai, and Y.A. Chang, “Thermodynamics and Defect Structure of Semiconducting Compound Phases: Tin Telluride,”Metall. Trans. A, 17, 1241–1245 (1986) in press. (Thermo; Theory)
86Sha: R.C. Sharma, J.-C. Lin, and Y.A. Chang, “A Thermodynamic Analysis of the Pb−S System and Calculation of the Pb−S Phase Diagram,”Metall. Trans. B, to be published (1986). (Equi Diagram, Thermo; Theory)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
R.C. Sharma is Visiting Assistant Professor, 1984–1986, on leave from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016 India. This work was supported by American Society for Metals. Literature searched through 1985. Professor Chang is the ASM/NBS Data Program Category Editor for binary sulfur alloys.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, JC., Sharma, R. & Chang, Y. The Pb−S (Lead-Sulfur) system. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams 7, 374–381 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02873026
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02873026