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Clarification of the carpel number in Papaverales, Capparales, and Berberidaceae

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Abstract

For more than 170 years there has been a controversy about the organization of the siliqua, a fruit typical for the Brassicaceae and, in modified forms, also for members of Capparaceae, Papaveraceae, and Fumariaceae. Because in the Berberidaceae fruit forms resembling a “semi-siliqua” are produced, they are also controversial. A siliqua is typically furnished with two placental regions joined by a septum and dehiscing through detachment of two sterile valves. Modified forms lack a septum and have only one or more than two valves, or are indehiscent. The controversial issue is the number of carpels composing a siliqua, typical or modified. Aside from the fact that the nature and phylogeny of the angiosperm organ “carpel” are still insufficiently known and therefore speculative, carpel numbers of two, four, and six have been proposed for a bivalvate siliqua; moreover, an “acarpellate” state as an axis-derived structure has been postulated. Within the framework of these theories there are additional theories concerning the position, shape, and fertility or sterility of what are believed to be carpels. Each of these concepts is reviewed here, and its morphological basis is checked. Gynoecial features used as evidence of the manifold hypotheses are shape of the stigma, zones of dehiscence, structure of the placental regions, vascular pattern, ontogeny, and teratological transformations. They are discussed for each family and compared in the context of the conclusions derived from them. The result is that Robert Brown’s (1817) classical theory, explaining the siliqua as a product of fusion of two transverse carpels with the valves being opercular structures and the septum formed of placental outgrowths, cannot be invalidated by any of the later theories. Stigmatic lobes should not a priori be equated with carpel tips, and their number is not a definite indication of carpel number. The zones of dehiscence are not carpel borders but secondary separation tissues within the carpel blade. Massive placental regions with complex venation need not be solid carpels. Number and course of vascular bundles may be interpreted in ontogenetic and functional terms, and the concept of vascular conservatism is unsound. Gynoecial growth centers must not uncritically be equated with carpel primordia. Terata, such as tetravalvate siliquae, are not atavisms. Thus, carpel numbers higher than those of placentae in the given gynoecium cannot be ascertained. The gynoecium of Berberidaceae is truly monomerous. The identical organization of the gynoecia in the families concerned demands their explanation by a single theory. Many textbooks, floras, and monographs should be revised from this point of view.

Резюме

Более 170 лет продолжает ся дискуссия о строен ии стручка. Этот плод типичен для семейства кресто цветных (Brassicaceae), а также (в модифицированной форме) для некоторых п редставителей капер совых (Сарраrасеае), маковых (Papaveraceae) и дымянковых (Fumariaceae). Пос кольку у барбарисовы х (Berberidaceae) встречается тип пл ода, который похож на “полустручок”, гинецеи этого семейс тва также обсуждаютс я в связи со структурой типичног о стручка. Существуют р азличные теории о чис ле плодолистиков в стру чке, который в типичном случае сос тоит из двух плацент, о бразующих рамку и связанных перегородкой, а также из двух стерильных ст ворок, отделяющихся при рас крывании от рамки, несущей семе на. (В терминах одной те ории можно объяснить строение модифицированных ст ручков как без перего родки, с одной или многими створками, так и невск рывающихся плодов.) Пр ирода и эволюция плодолисти ка у покрытосеменных еще недостаточно изучен ы, и поэтому умозрительны. Несмот ря на это, различные теор ии предполагают, что двухстворчатый стру чок состоит из двух, четырех или шест и плодолистиков. Кром е того, существует точка зре ния, что плодолистики полнос тью редуцированы и ги нецей произошел из цветоло жа. В зависимости от спосо ба объяснения положе ния, формы, стерильности или фертильности гипоте тических плодолисти ков, теории имеют различные вари анты. В работе приводится о бзор существующих те орий и их критический анализ. Д ля аргументации постоя нно используют следу ющие признаки гинецея: фор му рыльца, характер раскрывани я стручка, строение пл ацентарных областей, анатомию проводящей системы, з аложение гинецея и тератологические из менения. Все эти признаки сравнивают ся у представителей к аждого семейства, а аргумент ация каждой из теории взве шивается и проверяет ся. В результате исследов ания выяснено, что более со временные теории не п риводят весомых аргументов против классической теории Роберта Броун а (Brown, 1817), согласно которой стручок образован дв умя латерально распо ложенными плодолистиками, рамк а является продуктом с лияния их краев, перег ородка является ложной и обр азована в результате срастан ия двух выростов плац ент, а створки — это лишь кро ющие образования. Сравнит ельный анализ призна ков выявил, что лопасти рыльца не во всех случаях соответ ствуют кончикам плод олистиков, их число не всегда сов падает с числом плодолистик ов. Швы, по которым вскр ываются стручки, являются не границами плодолист иков, а вторичными отд елительными тканями внутри пластинки плодолист иков. Массивные плаце нтарные районы со сложным жилкованием не обяза тельно должны быть плодолистиками закр ытого типа. Число и ход проводящи х пучков более логичн о интерпретировать в т ерминах заложения и функции о рганов, теория об эвол юционном консерватизме прово дящей системы необоснован а. Зоны роста на кольце вом зачатке гинецея не всегда можно считать примор диями плодолистиков. Тераты плодов (например, четырехстворчатые с тручки) не являются ат авизмом. Таким образом, число плодолистиков невоз можно достоверно опр еделить: оно больше, чем число плацент в гинецее. Гин ецей барбарисовых действительно моном ерный. Идентичная структур а гинецея у представи телей обсуждаемых семейст в требует одинакового объясне ния в рамках одной и то й же теории. Необходима переработка многих у чебников, флористиче ских и других обзорных свод ок в предложенном аспект е.

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Brückner, C. Clarification of the carpel number in Papaverales, Capparales, and Berberidaceae. Bot. Rev 66, 155–307 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858151

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