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Introgressive hybridization between a native and an introduced species:Viola lutea subsp.Sudetica versusV. Tricolor

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Abstract

A hybrid swarm betweenViola lutea subsp.sudetica (2n=50, native species) andViola tricolor (2n=26, introduced species) originated in the 1970’s in the Krkonoše Mts. Analyses of chromosome numbers, reproductive biology, morphology, and ecology gave the following results: (1) Compared to the plants found in the 1970’s, the number of colour morphs have decreased and the types now prevailing in the field are morphologically closer toV. lutea subsp.sudetica, forming a continuum. (2) In the field, hybrids having approximately the same chromosome number as the primary hybrids are most common. Some plants of the hybrid swarm have certain characters unknown to their parents. (3) In the field, autogamous types similar toV. tricolor were found. (4) A limited number of plants from the field and culture have higher somatic chromosome numbers thanV. lutea subsp.sudetica; there was a tendency towards increasing chromosome numbers in their progeny (up to 2n=62). These plants have some new morphological characters (a small proportion of hexacolpate pollen) not found in the parents (nor in the other hybrids with prevailing tetracolpate and pentacolpate pollen grains) and higher pollen fertility in comparison to the other hybrids. These plants also have the highest germination rate. (5) There is a tendency for chromosome numbers to decline in the progeny of open pollinated hybrid plants in the lowland experimental graden. (6) The phenology of the plants in the mountain grasslands and the lowland garden is different; the parents behave in a totally contrasting manner. (7) In the field at least some hybrids extend outside the geographical and ecological ranges of the parental species, invading new communities. (8) Seeds ofV. tricolor do not show any dormancy and germinate in the year of production; most of theV. lutea subsp.sudetica seeds germinate during the spring of the following year. Hybrids with intermediate chromosome numbers had both types of germination strategy. The germination rate of intermediates with high chromosome numbers was even higher than that ofV. tricolor.

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  1. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43, Pruhonice, Czech Republic

    Anna Krahulcová, František Krahulec & Jan Kirschner

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  1. Anna Krahulcová
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  2. František Krahulec
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  3. Jan Kirschner
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Krahulcová, A., Krahulec, F. & Kirschner, J. Introgressive hybridization between a native and an introduced species:Viola lutea subsp.Sudetica versusV. Tricolor . Folia Geobot 31, 219–244 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02812066

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