Abstract
The distortion of a sinusoidal acoustic wave at unbonded interfaces has been determined in terms of the first and second harmonic amplitudes. The results demonstrate for the first time that the second harmonic can reach the theoretically predicted maximum value. As also predcted, the harmonic generation efficiency at unbonded interfaces first increases and then decreases with an externally applied compressive load. The technique has been applied to diffusion bonded specimens in an attempt to quantify their achieved strength. As already demonstrated earlier, the energy reflected from such diffusion bonds is also useful to characterize their strength. Indications are that a combination of reflected energy and harmonic generation data could be a powerful tool to quantify the strength of diffusion bonds, particularly those of nearly perfect strength. A strength determination of diffusion bonds by nondestructive evaluation is a necessity for the qualification of such bonds in critical applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. M. Richardson, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 17:73 (1979).
J. D. Achenbach and A. N. Norris, J. Nondestr. Eval. 3:229 (1982).
S. Hirose and J. D. Achenbach, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93:142 (1993).
P. B. Nagy, G. Blaho, and L. Adler, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 13B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1994), p. 1987.
O. Buck, W. L. Morris, and J. M. Richardson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 33:371 (1978).
W. L. Morris, O. Buck, and R. V. Inman, J. Appl. Phys. 50:6737 (1979).
W. T. Yost and J. H. Cantrell, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 9B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1990), p. 1669.
S. Pangraz and W. Arnold, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 13B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1994), p. 1995.
P. B. Nagy, P. McGowan, and L. Adler, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 9B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1990), p. 1685.
J. D. Achenbach, O. K. Parikh, and Y. C. Lu, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 9B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1990), p. 1693.
A. Hikata and C. Elbaum, Phys. Rev., 144:49 (1966).
S. U. Fassbender and W. Arnold, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 15B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1996), p. 1321.
J. D. Achenbach and O. K. Parikh, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 10B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1991), p. 1837.
A. Moreau and J. F. Bussiere, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 12B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1994), p. 2051.
M. A. Breazeale and D. O. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 3:77 (1963).
W. B. Gauster and M. A. Breazeale, Rev. Sci. Instr. 37:1544 (1966).
G. E. Dace, R. B. Thompson, and O. Buck, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 11B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1992), p. 2069.
D. J. Barnard, G. E. Dace, and O. Buck, Acoustic harmonic generation due to thermal embrittlement of Inconel 718, J. NDE (accepted).
M. Wu and W. P. Winfree, Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp. 1147 (1987).
D. A. Berlincourt, D. R. Curran, and H. Jaffe, in Physical Acoustics, Vol. 1A, W. P. Mason, ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1964), p. 336.
E. K. Sittig, IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason. SU-16:2 (1969).
W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1988).
D. D. Palmer, D. K. Rehbein, J. F. Smith, and O. Buck, J. Nondestr. Eval. 7:153 (1988).
G. C. Ojard, O. Buck, D. K. Rehbein, and M. S. Hughes, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 12B, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1993), p. 1453.
O. Buck, J. D. Frandsen, C. L. Ho, and H. L. Marcus, The effect of gaseous environments on crack tip closure, in The Microstructure and Design of Alloys, Vol. 1 (The Institute of Metals and Iron and Steel Institute, 1973), p. 462.
O. Buck and G. C. Ojard, in Nondestructive Evaluation and Materials Properties II P. K. Liaw, O. Buck, R. J. Arsenault, and R. E. Green, eds. (The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, 1994), p. 31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Barnard, D.J., Dace, G.E., Rehbein, D.K. et al. Acoustic harmonic generation at diffusion bonds. J Nondestruct Eval 16, 77–89 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683880
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683880