Abstract
The detection and quantification of the segregation of Bi to grain boundaries in Cu using Analytical Electron Microscopy is demonstrated and the effects of time and temperature are observed. The experimental data are compared with the theoretical prediction of McLean’s segregation isotherm. Special grain boundaries are also considered. The analysis shows that the detection of the variation of segregation with time and temperature as well as grain boundary characteristics is possible using analytical electron microscopy and that the quantification techniques used here agree well with theoretical calculations of the segregant levels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. H. Westbrook:Met. Rev., 1964, vol. 9, p. 415.
E. D. Hondros and M. P. Seah:Int. Met. Rev., 1977, vol. 227, p. 267.
B. D. Powell and H. Mykura:Acta Metall., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1151.
B. D. Powell and D. P. Woodruff:Phil. Mag., 1976, vol. 34, p. 169.
A. Joshi and D. F. Stein:J. Inst. Met., 1971, vol. 99, p. 178.
S. F. Baumann and D. B. Williams:J. Microsc., 1981, vol. 123, p. 299.
P. Doig and P. E. J. Flewitt:J. Microsc., 1978, vol. 112, p. 257.
J. R. Michael and D. B. Williams:39th Annual Proc. Electron Microscopy Soc. of America, G.W. Bailey, ed., Claitor’s, Baton Rouge, LA, 1981, p. 286.
G. Cliff and G.W. Lorimer.J. Microsc., 1975, vol. 103, p. 203.
G. W. Lorimer, G. Cliff, and J. N. Clark:Developments in Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1976, p. 153.
J. I. Goldstein, J. L. Costley, G. W. Lorimer, and S. J. B. Reed:Scanning Electron Microscopy, O. Johari, ed., IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1977, vol. 1, p. 315.
S. J. B. Reed:Ultramicrosc., 1982, vol. 7, p. 405.
P. Doig and P. E. J. Flewitt:Metall. Trans. A, 1982, vol. 13A, p. 1397.
D. E. Newbury:17th Annual Proc. Microbeam Analysis Soc., K. F. J. Heinrich, ed., San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, 1982, p. 79.
N. Stenton, M. R. Notis, J. I. Goldstein, and D. B. Williams:Quantitative Microanalysis with High Spatial Resolution, Mono. No. 277, The Metals Society, London, 1981, p. 35.
J. R. Michael and G. Cliff: Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, unpublished research, 1982.
J. R. Michael: M.S. Thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 1981.
V. A. Phillips:Acta Metall., 1963, vol. 11, p. 1193.
A. M. Donald and L. M. Brown:Acta Metall., 1979, vol. 27, p. 59.
D. A. Rae, V. D. Scott, and G. Love:Quantitative Microanalysis with High Spatial Resolution, Mono. No. 277, The Metals Society, London, 1981, p. 57.
Y. M. Kouh and E. L. Hall: Report #82CRD156, General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, 1982.
J. A. Panitz:Progress in Surface Science, Pergamon Press, Great Britain, 1978, vol. 8, p. 219.
D. A. Smith and G. D. W. Smith:The Microstructure and Design of Alloys, The Institute of Metals, Cambridge, England, 1973, vol. 1, p. 144.
P. R. Howell, D. E. Fleet, A. Hildon, and B. Ralph:J. Microsc., 1976, vol. 107, p. 155.
P. R. Howell, D. E. Fleet, T. F. Page, and B. Ralph:The Microstructure and Design of Alloys, The Institute of Metals, Cambridge, England, 1973, vol. 1, p. 149.
D. McLean:Grain Boundaries in Metals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1959, pp. 116–49.
E. D. Hondros and D. McLean:Soc. Chem. Ind., 1968, vol. 39, p. 315.
G. Hasson and C. Goux:Scripta Metall., 1971, vol. 5, p. 889.
C. R. M. Grovenor and C. M. F. Rae:Scripta Metall., 1981, vol. 15, p. 1305.
G. H. Bishop, W. H. Hentt, and G. A. Bruggeman:Acta Metall., 1971, vol. 19, p. 37.
E. D. Hondros and M. P. Seah:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 1363.
M. Guttman:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 1383.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Michael, J.R., Williams, D.B. An analytical electron microscope study of the kinetics of the Equilibrium Segregation of Bismuth in Copper. Metall Trans A 15, 99–105 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02644391
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02644391