Article PDF
References
Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Cox DR. Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc. 1972;34:187–220.
Miller R. Survival Analysis. New York: Wiley, 1981.
Lawless J. Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data. New York: Wiley, 1982.
Cox D, Oakes D. Analysis of Survival Data. London: Chapman and Hall, 1984.
Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:494–500.
Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1505–11.
Muenz LR. Comparing survival distributions: a review for nonstatisticians. I. Cancer Invest. 1983;1:455–66.
Kahn HA, Sempos CT. Statistical Methods in Epidemiology. New York: Oxford, 1989.
Anderson S, Auquier A, Hauck WW, Oakes D, Vanaele W, Weisberg HI. Statistical Methods for Comparative Studies. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Reznick RK, Guest CB. Survival analysis: a practical approach. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:898–902.
Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O’Fallon WM, Chao EYS, Wahner HW, Muhs JM. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:802–9.
Elwes RDC, Johnson AL, Shorvon SD, Reynolds EH. The prognosis for seizure control in newly diagnosed epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:944–7.
Greenland S. Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:340–9.
Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.
Rothenberg R, Woelfel M, Stoneburner R, Milberg J, Parker R, Truman B. Survival with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: experience with 5833 cases in New York City. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1297–302.
Levy D, Garrison R, Savage D, Kannel W, Castelli W. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561–6.
Rubin SM, Sidney S, Black DM, Browner WS, Hulley SB, Cummings SR. High blood cholesterol in elderly men and the excess risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:916–20.
Appelbaum FR, Barrall J, Storb R, et al. Bone marrow transplantation for patients with myelodysplasia. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:590–7.
Gill R. Understanding Cox’s regression model. Experientia Suppl. 1982;41:187–99.
Cello J, Grendell J, Crass R, Trunkey D, Cobb E, Heilbron D. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus portacaval shunt in patients with severe cirrhosis and variceal hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1589–94.
Tibshtrani R. A plain man’s guide to the proportional hazards model. Clin Invest Med. 1982;5:63–8.
Appelbaum FR, Dahlberg S, Thomas ED, et al. Bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy after remission induction for adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:581–8.
Hopkins A. Survival analysis with covariates—Cox models. In: Dixon WJ (ed). BMDP Statistical Software Manual. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985; 576–91.
Singer JD, Willett JB. Modeling the days of our lives: using survival analysis when designing and analyzing longitudinal studies of duration and the timing of events. Psychol Bull. 1991;110:268–90.
Sanfilippo F, Vaughn WK, Spees EK, Light JA, Lefor WM. Benefits of HLA-A and HLA-B matching on graft and patient outcome after cadaveric-donor renal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:358–64.
Steen VD, Constantino JP, Shapiro AP, Medsger TA. Outcome of renal crisis in systemic sclerosis: relation to availability of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:352–7.
Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Harrell FE, et al. Tying clinical research to patient care by use of an observational database. Stat Med. 1984;3:375–84.
Rosati RA, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB, Harrell FE. Problems and advantages of an observational data base approach to evaluating the effect of therapy on outcome. Circulation. 1982;65(suppl H):27–32.
Combs DL, O’Brien RJ, Geiter LJ. USPHS tuberculosis short-course chemotherapy trial 21: effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:397–406.
Bozzette S, Sattler F, Chiu J, et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids forPneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1451–7.
Greenberg E, Baron J, Stukel T, et al. A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:789–95.
Andersen PK. Time-dependent covariates and Markov processes. In: Moolgavkar SH, Prentice RL (eds). Modern Statistical Methods in Chronic Disease Epidemiology. New York: Wiley, 1986; 82–103.
Phair J, Munoz A, Detels R, et al. The riskof Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:161–5.
Volberding P, Legakos S, Koch M, et al. Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:941–9.
Feinstein AR, Wells CK, Walter SD. A comparison of multivariable mathematical methods for predicting survival—I. Introduction, rationale, and general strategy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:339–47.
Seigel DG. Cox regression analysis in clinical research. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:888–9.
Hauck WW. A comparison of the logistic risk function and the proportional hazards model in prospective epidemiologic studies [letter]. J Chron Dis. 1985;38:125–6.
Green M, Symons M. A comparison of the logistic risk function and the proportional hazards model in prospective epidemiologic studies. J Chron Dis. 1983;36:715–24.
SAS Institute Inc. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1991.
Norusis MJ. SPSS Advance Statistics User’s Guide. Chicago: SPSS, 1990.
Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation. Seattle, WA: Egret Manual. Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation, 1990.
Muenz LR. Comparing survival distributions: a review of nonstatisticians. II. Cancer Invest. 1983;1:537–45.
Lachlin JM. Introduction to sample size determination and power analysis. Controlled Clin Trials. 1981;2:93–113.
Wei LJ, Lin EY, Weissfeld L. Regression analysis of incomplete failure time data by modelling marginal distributions. J Am Stat Assoc. 1989;84:1065–73.
Concato J, Feinstein AR, Holford TR. The risk of determining risk with logistic and Cox regression. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:201–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katz, M.H., Hauck, W.W. Proportional hazards (Cox) regression. J Gen Intern Med 8, 702–711 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598295
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598295