Skip to main content
Log in

Studies of the mechanism of biological calcification

IV. Ultrastructural analysis of calcifying tendon matrix

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
Calcified Tissue Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ultrastructural changes duringin vitro calcification of a collagen-containing matrix derived from beef tendon were correlated with the time of calcification and with the effect of calcification inhibitors. The early stage of calcification is characterized by a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.0–1.2 and by the formation of intrafibrillar electron dense particles. These particles were 50 to 100 Å in diameter and produced no sharp fringes when examined by selected area electron diffraction. During later stages, the electron dense particles appear to coalesce and serve as centers for the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals. At concentration that inhibit hydroxyapatite formation, methylenediphosphonate allows uptake of a small amount of Ca2+ and HPO4 2− with a molar Ca/P of 1.0–1.2 and the formation of the non-crystalline electron dense particles but prevents subsequent growth of hydroxyapatite. Phosphonoacetate depresses Ca2+ and HPO4 2− uptake further and prevents formation of both noncrystalline and crystalline mineral. These findings are consistent with the multistep model of matrix calcification proposed earlier and indicate that the formation of a non-crystalline precursor of hydroxyapatite is induced by the matrix from a soluble phase that is comparable to physiological fluids.

Résumé

Les modifications ultrastructurales au cours de calcificationin vitro d’une matrice de tendon de boeuf, contenant du collagène, sont étudiées en fonction du temps de calcification et de l’efficacité d’inhibiteurs de la calcification. Le stade initial de la calcification est caractérisé par un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1,0–1,2 et par la formation de particules intrafibrillaires, denses aux électrons. Ces particules, de 50 à 100 Å de diamètre, ne donnent pas de raies nettes par diffraction électronique. A des stades plus tardifs, les particules denses aux électrons semblent confluer et servent de centres de croissance aux cristaux d’hydroxyleapatite. A des concentrations qui inhibent la croissance des cristaux d’hydroxyleapatite, le méthylène-diphosphonate permet l’incorporation de faibles quantités de Ca2+ et de HPO4 2−, avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1,0–1,2, et la formation de particules non-cristallines, opaques aux électrons. Il empêche, cependant, la croissance ultérieure d’hydroxyleapatite. Le phosphonoacétate diminue encore l’incorporation du Ca2+ et HPO4 2− et empêche la formation du minéral cristallin et non-cristallin. Ces résultats confirment le modèle en plusieurs étapes de la calcification de la matrice et indiquent que la formation d’un précurseur non-cristallin d’hydroxyleapatite est induite par la matrice à partir d’une phase soluble comparable aux liquides physiologiques.

Zusammenfassung

Ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen während der in vitro-Verkalkung einer Collagen enthaltenden Matrix aus Rindersehne wurden mit der Verkalkungszeit und mit der Wirkung von Verkalkungshemmern in Beziehung gebracht. Die frühe Phase der Verkalkung wird charakterisiert durch ein molares Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,0–1,2 und durch die Bildung von intrafibrillären elektronendichten Partikeln. Diese Partikel hatten einen Durchmesser von 50–100 Å und zeigten keine scharfen Ränder bei der Untersuchung von ausgewählten Zonen mittels Elektronendiffraktion. In späteren Phasen scheinen die elektronendichten Partikel zur verschmelzen und als Zentren für das Wachstum von Hydroxyapatitkristallen zu dienen. Methylendiphosphonat in Konzentrationen, welche die Bildung von Hydroxyapatit hemmen, ermöglicht die Aufnahme einer kleinen Menge von Ca2+ und HPO4 2− mit einem molaren Ca/P von 1,0–1,2 und die Bildung der nicht-kristallinen elektronendichten Partikel, die Aufnahme von Ca2+ und HPO4 2− noch weiter herab und verhindert die Bildung von nichtkristallinem und kristallinem Mineral. Diese Befunde stimmen mit dem früher vorgeschlagenen Multistufenmodell der Matrix-Verkalkung überein und deuten darauf hin, daß die Bildung eines nicht-kristallinen Vorläufers von Hydroxyapatit durch die Matrix aus einer löslichen Phase hervorgerufen wird, welche mit physiologischen Flüssigkeiten vergleichbar ist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bachra, B. N.: Calcificationin vitro of demineralized bone matrix. Calc. Tiss. Res.8, 287–303 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitton-Jackson, S.: The fine structure of developing bone in the embryonic fowl. Proc. roy. Soc. B146, 270–280 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch, H., Neuman, W. F.: Mechanisms of calcification: role of collagen, polyphosphate and phosphatase. Amer. J. Physiol.200, 1296–1300 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M. D., Russell, R. G. G., Gleisch, H.: The inhibitory effects of diphosphonates on the formation of calcium phosphate crystalsin vitro and on pathological calcificationin vivo. Science165, 1264–1265 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. M., Sognnaes, R. F., Kern, R.: Calcification of dental tissues with special reference to enamel ultrastructure. In: Calcification in biological systems. publication No. 64, R. F. Sognnaes, ed., p. 163–202. Washington: Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glimcher, M. J.: Molecular biology of mineralized tissues with particular reference to bone. Rev. Mod. Physics31, 359–393 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glimcher, M. J., Krane, S. M.: The organization and structure of bone and the mechanism of calcification. In: Treatise on collagen, B. S. Gould, ed., vol. 2, p. 68–241. New York: Academic Press 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jethi, R. K., Inlow, C. W., Wadkins, C. L.: Studies of the mechanism of biological calcification. I.: Kinetic properties of thein vitro calcification of collagen-containing matrix. Calc. Tiss. Res.6, 81–92 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jethi, R. K., Wadkins, C. L.: Studies of the mechanism of biological calcification. II: Evidence for a multi-step mechanism of calcification by tendon matrix. Calc. Tiss. Res.7, 277–289 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, E. P.: The kinetics of mineralizationin vitro. I.: The nucleation properties of 640 Å collagen at 25°C. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.)149, 121–129 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luben, R. A., Wadkins, C. L.: Studies of the relationship of proton production and the calcification of tendon matrixin vitro. Biochemistry10, 2183–2189 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, J.: Some observations on the nature of bone mineral. In: Calcified tissue 1965. Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Calcified Tissues H. Fleisch, H. J. J. Blackwood, and M. Owen, eds. p. 138–142. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, W. F., Neuman, M. W.: The chemical dynamics of bone mineral. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nylen, M. V., Scott, D. B., Mosley, V. M.: Mineralization of turkey leg tendon. II.: Collagenmineral relations revealed by electron and x-ray microscopy. In: Calcification in biological systems, R. F. Sognnaes, ed., No 64, p. 129–142. Washington, D. C.: Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. publication 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. A., Watson, M. L.: Collagen-crystal relationships in bone as seen in the electron microscope. Anat. Rec.114, 383–396 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. G. G., Muhlbauer, R. C., Biraz, S., Williams, D. A., Fleisch, H.: The influence pyrophosphate, condensed phosphates, phosphonates and other phosphate compounds on the dissolution of hydroxyapatitein vitro and on bone, resorption induced by parathyroid hormone in tissue culture and in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Calc. Tiss. Res.6, 183–196 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman, E., Martin, G. R., Miller, E. J.: Matrices that calcify. In: Biological calcification—cellular and molecular aspects, H. Schraer, ed., p. 27–67. Appleton: Century Crafts 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, J. K.: Free-thaw-induced latent injury in cells of the renal cortex. Cryobiology6, 98–104 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Termine, J. D., Posner, A. S.: Infrared analysis of rat bone: age dependency of amorphous and crystalline mineral fractions. Science153, 1523–1525 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Termine, J. D., Posner, A. S.: Amorphous/crystalline interrelationships in bone mineral. Calc. Tiss. Res.1, 8–23 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Termine, J. D., Posner, A. S.: Calcium phosphate formationin vitro, I.: Factors affecting initial phase separation. Arch. Biochem.140, 307–317 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, W. C., Jr., Tomita, A.: Mineralization of human and bovine tissuein vitro. Amer. J. Path.51, 621–628 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wadkins, C. L.: Experimental factors that influence collagen calcificationin vitro. Calc. Tiss. Res.2, 214–228 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J. C., Eanes, E. D., Gerdes, R. J.: Electron microscope study of noncrystalline calcium phosphate. Arch. Biochem.120, 723–724 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, V. C.: Observations on phase transformation of a precipitated calcium phosphate. Calc. Tiss. Res.7, 212–219 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wischnitzer, S.: Introduction to electron microscopy, p. 239–241. New York: Pergamon Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This investigation was supported by United States Public Health Service Grant AM-11528.

Predoctoral fellow of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas School of Medicine and Trainee of NIH Metabolic Training Program AM-05635. The studies described in this paper constitute a portion of a thesis to be submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Arkansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Luben, R.A., Sherman, J.K. & Wadkins, C.L. Studies of the mechanism of biological calcification. Calc. Tis Res. 11, 39–55 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02546594

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02546594

Key words

Navigation