Skip to main content
Log in

Insertional mutagenesis in transgenic mice

  • Review
  • Published:
Transgenic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Increasing numbers of transgenic mouse lines have resulted in several dozens of mutants created by insertional mutagenesis. The advantages of different vector systems and the problems associated with the analysis of mutations and the cloning of the affected genes are discussed in this review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, N.D., Cran, D.G., Barton, S.C., Hettle, S., Reik, W. and Surani, M.A. (1988) Transgenes as probes for active chromosomal domains in mouse development.Nature 333, 852–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.D., Wu, H., Hartung, S., Breindl, M., and Jaenisch, R. (1991) Retroviral-induced insertional mutagenesis: mechanism of collagen mutation in Mov13 mice.Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 5154–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beier, D.R., Morton, C.C., Leder, A., Wallace, R. and Leder, P. (1989) Perinatal lethality (ple): A mutation caused by integration of a transgene into distal mouse chromosome 15.Genomics 4, 498–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellen, H.J., Wilson, C. and Gehring, W.J. (1990) Dissecting the complexity of the nervous system by enhancer detection.BioEssays 12, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonadio, J., Saunders, T.L., Tsai, E., Goldstein, S.A., Morris-Wiman, J., Brinkley, L., Dolan, D.F., Altschuler, R.A., Hawkins, J.E. Jr., Bateman, J.F., Mascara, T. and Jaenisch, R. (1990) Transgenic mouse model of the mild dominant form of osteogenesis imperfecta.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7145–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, C., Li, T., Frankel, W.N., Danciger, M., Coffin, J.M., Applebury, M.L. and Farber, D.B. (1993) Localization of a retroviral element within therd gene coding for the β subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2955–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breindl, M., Harbers, K. and Jaenisch, R. (1984) Retrovirus-induced lethal mutation, in collagen 1 gene of mice is associated with an altered chromatin structure.Cell 38, 9–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conlon, F.L., Barth, K.S. and Robertson, E.J. (1991) A novel retrovirally induced embryonic lethal mutation in the mouse: assessment of the developmental fate of embryonic stem cells homozygous for the 413.d proviral integration.Development 111, 969–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, N.G., Hutchison, K.W. and Jenkins, N.A. (1983) Excision of the DBA ecotropic, provirus in dilute coat-color revertants of mice occurs by homologous recombination involving the viral LTRs.Cell 33, 379–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, N.G. and Jenkins, N.A. (1991) Development and applications of a molecular genetic linkage map of the mouse genome.Trends Genet. 7, 113–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Covarrubias, L., Nishida, Y. and Mintz, B. (1985) Early developmental mutations due to DNA rearrangements in transgenic mouse embryos.Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50, 447–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Covarrubias, L., Nishida, Y. and Mintz, B. (1986) Early postimplantation embryo lethality due to DNA rearrangements in a transgenic mouse strain.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 6020–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLoia, J.A. and Solter, D. (1990) A transgene insertional mutation at an imprinted locus in the mouse genome.Development Suppl., 73–9.

  • Fitzgerald, L.W., Miller, K.J., Ratty, A.K., Glick, S.D., Titeler, W. and Gross, K.W. (1992) Asymmetric elevation of striatal dopamine D2 receptor in thechakragati mouse: neurobehavioral dysfunction in a transgenic insertional mutant.Brain Res. 580, 18–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, G. and Soriano, P. (1991) Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice.Genes Dev. 5, 1513–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, J.W., Uehlinger, J., Dayani, N., Talansky, B.E., Gordon, M., Rudomen, G.S. and Neumann, P.E. (1990) Analysis of the hotfoot (ho) locus by creation of an insertional mutation in a transgenic mouse.Genes Dev 137, 349–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gossler, A. and Zachgo, J. (1993) Gene and enhancer trap screens in ES cell chimeras. In Joyner, A. ed,Gene Targeting: a Practical Approach, pp. 181–227. Oxford: IRL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandgenett D.P. and Mumm, S.R. (1990) Unravelling retrovirus integration.Cell 60, 3–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gridley, T., Gray, D.A., Orr-Weaver, T., Soriano, P., Barton, D.E., Francke, U. and Jaenisch, R. (1990) Molecular analysis of theMov 34 mutation: transcript disrupted by proviral integration in mice is conserved inDrosophila.Development 109, 235–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimber, G., Galand, C., Garbarz, M., Mattei, M.G., Cavard, C., Zider, A., Blanchet, P., Boivin, P., Briand, P. and Dhermy, D. (1992) Inherited haemolytic anaemia created by insertional inactivation of the alpha-spectrin gene.Transgenic Res. 1, 268–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkinson, C.A., Moore, K.J., Nakayama, A., Steingrimsson, E., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A. and Arnheiter, H. (1993) Mutation at the mouse microphthalmia locus are associated with defects in a gene encoding a novel basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper protein.Cell 74, 395–404.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeven, F. van der, Schimmang, T., Vortkamp, A. and Rüther, U. (1993) Molecular linkage of the morphogenetic mutationadd and the zinc finger geneGli3. Mamm. Genome 4, 276–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeven, F. van der, Schimmang, T., Volkmann, A., Mattei, M.G., Kyewski, B. and Rüther, U. (1993) Programmed cell death is affected in the mouse mutantFused toes (Ft). submitted.

  • Iannaccone, P.M., Zhou, X., Khokha, M., Boucher, D. and Kuehn, M.R. (1992) Insertional mutation of a gene involved in growth regulation of the early mouse embryo.Dev. Dyn. 194, 198–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenisch, R., Fan, H. and Croker, B. (1975) Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukemia virus: tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA leukemogenesis in the adult animal.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 72, 4008–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenisch, R. (1980) Retroviruses and embryogenesis: microinjection of Moloney leukemia virus into midgestation mouse embryos.Cell 19, 181–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jähner, D. and Jaenisch, R. (1985) Retrovirus inducedde novo methylation of flanking host sequences correlates with gene inactivity.Nature 315, 594–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, N.A., Copeland, N.G., Taylor, B.A. and Lee, B.K. (1981) Dilute (d) coat colour mutation of DBA/2J mice is associated with the site of integration of an ecotropic MuLV genome.Nature 293, 370–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karls, U., Müller, U., Gilbert D.J., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A. and Harbers, K. (1992) Structure, expression, and chromosome location of the gene for the β subunit of brain-specific Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II identified by transgene integration in an embryonic lethal mouse mutant.Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 3644–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, S.A., Liptay, S., Hajra, A. and Meisler, M.H. (1990) Transgene-induced mutation of the murine steel locus.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 10019–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korn, R., Schoor, M., Neuhaus, H., Henseling, U., Soininen, R., Zachgo, J. and Gossler, A. (1992) Enhancer trap integrations in mouse embryonic stem cells give rise to staining patterns in chimaeric embryos with a high frequency and detect endogenous genes.Mech. Dev. 39, 95–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kothary, R., Clapoff, S., Brown, A., Campbell, R., Peterson, A. and Rossant, J. (1988) A transgene containinglacZ inserted intodystonia locus is expressed in neural tube.Nature 335, 435–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krakowsky, J.M., Boissy, R.E., Neumann, J.C. and Lingrel, J.B. (1993) A DNA insertional mutation results in micropthalmia in transgenic mice.Transgenic Res. 2, 14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochwil, K., Mark, K.vd., Kollar, E.J., Jaenisch, R., Mooslehner, K., Schwarz, M., Haase, K., Gmachl, I. and Harbers, K. (1989) Retrovirus-induced insertional mutation in Mov 13 mice affects collagen I expression in a tissue-specific manner.Cell 57, 807–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krulewski, T.F., Neumann, P.E., and Gordon, J.W. (1989) Insertional mutation in a transgenic mouse allelic with Purkinje cell degeneration.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3709–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.J., Radice, G., Perkins, C.P. and Constanti, I., (1992) Identification and Characterisation of a novel evolutionary conserved gene disrupted by the murine Hβ58 embryonic lethal transgene insertion.Development,115, 277–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, D., Quill, H., Burkly, L., Scott, B., Palmiter, R.D. and Brinster, R.L. (1992) A recessive defect in lymphocyte or granulocyte function caused by an integrated transgene.Am. J. Pathol. 141, 1237–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, L.F., Keshet, E., Gilbert, D.J., Jenkins, N.A. and Copeland, N.G. (1988) Studies of the mechanism of spontaneous germline ecotropic provirus acquisition in mice.EMBO J. 7, 4169–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, L.F., Jenkins, N.A. and Copeland, N.G. (1991) Mutagenesis of the mouse germline using retroviruses.Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 171, 27–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löhler, J., Timpl, R. and Jaenisch, R. (1984) Embryonic lethal mutation in mouse collagen I gene causes rupture of blood vessesl and is associated with erythropoietic and mesenchymal cell death.Cell 38, 597–607.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, M. and Epstein, C.J. (1987) The lethal yellow allele-associated provirus results in the production of chimeric viral-host RNAs.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2853–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, R.L., Zeller, R., Woychik, R.P., Vogt, T.F. and Leder, P. (1990) Disruption of formin-encoding transcripts in two mutantlimb deformity alleles.Nature 346, 853–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, G.R., Russell, L.D., Van Beek, M.E.A.B., Hanten, G.R., Kovac, M.J., Kozak, C.A., Meistrich, M.L. and overbeek, P.A. (1990) Symplastic spermatids (sys): a recessive insertional mutation in mice causing a defect in spermatogenesis.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5016–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macleod, D., Lovell-Badge, R., Jones, S. and Jackson, I. (1991). A promoter trap in embryonic stem (ES) cells selects for integration of DNA into CpG islandsNucl. Acid Res. 19, 17–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahon, K.A., Overbeek, P.A. and Westphal, H. (1988) Prenatal lethality in a transgenic mouse line is the result of a chromosomal translocation.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1165–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margram, J. and Bishop, M. (1991) Dominant male sterility in mice caused by insertion of a transgene.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10327–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark, W.H., Signorelli, K. and Lacy, E. (1985) An insertional mutation in a transgenic mouse line results in developmental arrest at day 5 of gestation.Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50, 453–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, W.H., Signorelli, K., Blum, M., Kwee, L. and Lacy, E. (1992) Genomic structure of the locus associated with an insertional mutation in Line 4 transgenic mice.Genomics 13, 159–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeish, J., Scott, W. and Potter, S. (1988)Legless a mutation in pHT1 line transgenic mice.Science 241, 837–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melchner, H. von DeGregori, J.V., Rayburn, H., Reddy, S., Friedel, C. and Ruley, H.E. (1992) Selective disruption of genes expressed in totipotent embryonal stem cells.Genes Dev. 6, 919–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J.A., Seperack, P.K., Strobel, M.C., Copeland, N.G. and Jenkins, N.A. (1991) Novel myosin heavy chain encoded by murinedilute coat colour locus.Nature 349, 709–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merlino, G.T., Stahle, C., Jhappan, C., Mahon, K.A. and Willigham, M.C. (1991) Inactivation of a sperm motility gene by insertion of an epidermal growth factor receptor transgene whose product is overexpressed and compartmentalized during spermatogenesis.Genes Dev. 5, 1395–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otani, H., Tanaka, O., Naora, H., Yokoyama, M., Nomura, T., Kimura, M. and Katsuki, M. (1991) Microtia as an autosomal dominant mutation in a transgenic mouse line: a possible animal model of branchial arch anomalies.Anat. Anz., Jena 172, 1–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overbeek, P.A., Lai, S.P., Van Quill, K.R. and Westphal, H. (1986) Tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice of a fused gene containing RSV terminal sequencesScience 231, 1574–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellas, T.C., Ramachandran, B., Duncan, M., Pan, S.S., Marone, M. and Chada, K. (1991) Germ-cell deficient (gcd), and insertional mutation manifested as infertility in transgenic mice.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8787–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl, T.M., Mattei, M.G., and Rüther, U. (1990) Evidence for allelism of the recessive insertional mutationadd and the dominant mouse mutationextra-toes (Xt).Development 110, 1153–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radice, G., Lee, J.J. and Costantini, F. (1991) Hβ58, an insertional mutation affecting early postimplantation development of the mouse embryo.Development 111, 801–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratty, A.K., Fitzgerald, L.W., Titeler, M., Glick, S.D., Mullins, J.J. and Gross, K.W. (1990) Circling behavior exhibited by a transgenic insertional mutant.Mol. Brain Res. 8, 355–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratty, A.K., Matsuda, Y., Elliott R.W., Chapman, V.M. and Gross, K.W. (1992) Genetic mapping of two DNA markers,D16Ros1 andD16Ros2, flanking the mutation site in thechakragati mouse, a transgenic insertional mutant.Mamm. Genome 3, 5–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinchik, E.M., Stoye, J.P., Frankel, W.N., Coffin, J., Kwon, B.S., and Russell, L.B. (1993) Molecular analysis of viable spontaneous and radiation-induced albino (c)-locus mutations in the mouse.Mutation Res. 286, 199–207.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohdewohld, H., Weiher, H., Reik, W., Jaenisch, R. and Breindl, M. (1987) Retrovirus integration and chromatin structure: Moloney murine leukemia proviral integration sites map near DNase I-hypersensitive sites.J. Virol. 61, 336–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, l.D., Hikim, A.P.S., Overbeek, P.A. and MacGregor, G.R. (1991) Testis structure in thesys (symplastic spermatids) mouse.Am. J. Anat. 192, 169–182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A.F., Crenshaw, E.B. III, and Simmons, S.M. (1991) Gene expression in normal and abnormal inner ears.Am. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 630, 129–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmang, T., Lemaistre, M., Vortkamp, A. and Rüther, U. (1992) Expression of the zinc finger geneGli3 is affected in the morphogenetic mouse mutantextra-toes (Xt).Development 116, 799–804.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnieke, A., Harbers, K. and Jaenisch, R. (1983) Embryonic lethal mutation in mice induced by retrovirus insertion into the α1(I) collagen gene.Nature 304, 315–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shani, M. (1986) Tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression of a chimeric actin-globin gene in transgenic mice.Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2624–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shawlot, W., Siciliano, M.J., Stallings, R.L. and Overbeek, P.A. (1989) Insertional inactivation of the downless gene in a family of transgenic mice.Mol. Biol. Med. 6, 299–307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, G., Supp, D.M., Schreiner, C., McNeish, J., Merker, H.J., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A., Potter, S.S. and Scott, W. (1991)legless insertional mutation: morphological, molecular, and genetic characterization.Genes Dev. 5, 2245–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skarnes, W.C., Auerbach, B.A. and Joyner, A.L. (1992) A gene trap approach in mouse embryonic stem cells: thelacZ reporter is activated by splicing, reflects endogenous gene expression, and is mutagenic in mice.Genes Dev. 6, 903–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soininen, R., Schoor, M., Henseling, U., Tepe, C., Kisters-Woike, B., Rossant, J. and Gossler, A. (1992) The mouseEnhancer trap locus 1 (Etl-1): a novel mammalian gene related toDrosophila and yeast transcriptional regulator genes.Mech. Dev. 39, 111–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soriano, P., Gridley, T. and Jaenisch, R. (1987) Retroviruses and insertional mutagenesis in mice: proviral integration at theMov 34 locus leads to early embryonic death.Genes Dev. 1, 366–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, S.E., Gilbert, D.J., Swing, D.A., Copeland, N.G. and Jenkins, N.A. (1989) Spontaneous germ line virus infection and retroviral insertional mutagenesis in eighteen transgenicSrev lines of mice.Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 177–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoye, J.P., Fenner, S., Greenoak, G.E., Moran, C. and Coffin, J.M. (1988) Role of endogenous, retroviruses as mutagens: the hairless mutation of mice.Cell 54, 383–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, S.S. (1991) Liver-specific and position-effect expression of a retinol-binding protein-lacZ fusion gene (RBP-lacZ) in transgenic mice.Dev. Biol. 146, 24–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tutois, S., Salaun, J., Mattei, M.G. and Guenet, J.L. (1991) Tg (9 HSA-MYC), a homozygous lethal insertion in the mouse.Mamm. Genome 1, 184–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijaya, S., Steffen, D.L. and Robinson, H.L. (1986) Acceptor sites for retroviral integrations map near DNase I-hypersensitive sites in chromatin.J. Virol. 60, 683–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, T.F., Jackson-Grusby, L., Wynshaw-Boris, A.J., Chan, D.C. and Leder, P. (1992) The same genomic region is disrupted in two transgene-induced limb deformity alleles.Mamm. Genome 3, 431–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, E.F., Covarrubias, L., Stewart, T.A. and Mintz, B. (1983) Prenatal lethalities in mice homozygous for human growth hormone gene sequences integrated in the germ line.Cell 35, 647–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiher, H., Noda, T., Gray, D.A., Sharpe, A.H. and Jaenisch, R. (1990) Transgenic mouse model of kidney disease: insertional inactivation of ubiquitously expressed gene leads to nephrotic syndrome.Cell 62, 425–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie, T.M. and Palmiter, R.D. (1987) Analysis of the integrant in MyK-103 transgenic mice in which males fail to transmit the integrant.Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 1646–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woychik, R.P., Stewart, T.A., Davis, L.G., Eustachio, P.D. and Leder, P. (1985) An inherited limb deformity created by insertional mutagenesis in a transgenic mouse.Nature 318, 36–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woychik, R.P., Maas, R.L., Zeller, R., Vogt, T.F. and Leder, P. (1990) Formins: proteins deduced from the alternative transcripts of thelimb deformity gene.Nature 346, 850–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, H., Bateman, J.F., Schnieke, A., Sharpe, A., Barker, D., Mascara, T., Eyre, D., Bruns, R., Krimpenfort, P., Berns, A. and Jaenisch, R. (1990) Human-mouse interspecies collagen I heterotrimer is functional during embryonic development of Mov13 mutant mouse embryos.Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 1452–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, X., Benson, K.F. and Chada, K. (1990) Mini-mouse: disruption of thepygmy locus in a transgenic insertional mutant.Science 247, 967–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, T., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A., Montgomery, C.A. Elder, F.F.B. and Overbeek, P.A. (1993) Reversal of left-right asymmetry: asitus inversus mutation.Science 260, 679–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X., Sasaki, H., Lowe, L., Hogan, B.L.M. and Kuehn, M.R. (1993)Nodal is a novel TGF-β-like gene expressed in the mouse node during gastrulation.Nature 361, 543–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rijkers, T., Peetz, A. & Rüther, U. Insertional mutagenesis in transgenic mice. Transgenic Research 3, 203–215 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336773

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336773

Keywords

Navigation