Summary
Comparison of species of African fig flies (Lissocephala, Drosophilidae) shows that an unusual phenotype has evolved independently when a particular environment prevails. Each time the adaptation is observed, associated morphological and behavioural characters also appear. Such convergence suggests that selection operates on sets of predetermined morphogenetic pathways.
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Lachaise, D., McEvey, S.F. Independent evolution of the same set of characters in fig flies (Lissocephala, Drosophilidae). Evol Ecol 4, 358–364 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02270932
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02270932