Summary
Allelic frequencies and genotypic distributions in three polymorphic enzyme systems demonstrated genetic differentiation over extraordinarily short distances in a population of black pineleaf scale insects infesting ponderosa pine trees. A hierarchical analysis of the population genetic structure showed significant differences between demes on different twigs within individual host trees, between demes on neighboring trees, and between demes in pine plots on adjacent city blocks. Allelic frequencies at a malic enzyme locus were associated with deme-to-deme variation in ecological correlates of insect fitness, suggesting adaptive hypotheses about the causes of population subdivision.
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Alstad, D.N., Corbin, K.W. Scale insect allozyme differentiation within and between host trees. Evol Ecol 4, 43–56 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02270714
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02270714