Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hsp70 in parasites: as an inducible protective protein and as an antigen

  • Multi-Author Reviews
  • Published:
Experientia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The heat shock (HS) response is a general homeostatic mechanism that protects cells and the entire organism from the deleterious effects of environmental stresses. It has been demonstrated that heat shock proteins (HSP) play major roles in many cellular processes, and have a unique role in several areas of cell biology, from chronic degenerative diseases to immunology, from cancer research to interaction between host and parasites. This review deals with thehsp70 gene family and with its protein product, hsp70, as an antigen when pathogens infect humans. Members of HSP have been shown to be major antigens of many pathogenic organisms when they experience a major temperature shift upwards at the onset of infection and become targets for host B and T cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alcina, A., Urzainqui, A., and Carrasco, L., The heat shock response inTrypanosoma cruzi. Eur. J. Biochem.172 (1988) 121–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ardeshir, F., Flint, J.E., Richman, J., Reese, R.T., A 75 kDa merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum which is related to the 70 kDa heat shock proteins. EMBO J.6 (1987) 493–499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Behr, C., Sarthou, J.L., Trape, J.F., Dat, M.H., Michel, J.C., Aribot, G., Dieye, A., Claverie, J.M., Druihle, P., and Dubois, P., Antibodies and reactive T cells against the malaria heat shock protein Pf72/Hsp70-1 and derived peptides in individuals continuously exposed toPlasmodium falciparum. J. Immun.149 (1992) 3321–3330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bianco, A.E., Favaloro, J.M., Burkot, T.R., Culvenor, J.G., Crewther, P.E., Brown, G.V., Anders, R.F., Coppel, R.L. and Kemp, D.J.. A repetitive antigen ofPlasmodium falciparum that is homologous to heat shock protein 70 ofDrosophila melanogaster. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA83 (1986) 8713–8717.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Bond, U., Heat shock but not other stress inducers leads to the disruption of a sub-set of snRNPs and inhibition ofin vitro splicing in HeLa cells. EMBO J.7 (1988) 3509–3518.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Carratú, L., Pardini, C.L., Kobayashi, G.S., and Maresca, B., A primary target in the biological perception of temperature change is membrane: exogenously added fatty acids modulate heat shock gene expression (submitted).

  7. Caruso, M., Sacco, M., Medoff, G., and Maresca, B., Heat shock 70 gene is differentially expressed inHistoplasma capsulatum strains with different levels of thermotolerance and pathogenicity. Molec. Microbiol.1 (1987)151–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Carvalho, J.F., De Carvalho, E.F., Rondinelli, E., Silva, R., and De Castro, F., Protein biosynthesis changes inTrypanosoma cruzi induced by supra-optimal temperature. Expl Cell Res.143 (1987) 338–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chopp, M., The roles of heat shock proteins and immediate early genes in central nervous system normal function and pathology. Curr. Opin. Neurol. Neurosurg.6 (1993) 6–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Craig, E. Kang, P.J., and Boorstein, W., A review of the role of 70 kDa heat shock proteins in protein translocation across membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek58 (1990) 137–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Craig, E.A., Gambill, B.D., and Nelson, R.J., Heat shock proteins: molecular chaperones of protein biogenesis. Microbiol. Rev.57 (1993) 402–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Dabrowa, N. and Howard, D., Heat shock and heat stroke proteins observed during germination of the blastoconidia ofCandida albicans. Infect. Immun.44 (1984) 537–539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. de Andrade, C.R., Kirchhoff, L.V., Donelson, J.E. and Otsu, K., Recombinant Leshmania HSP90 and HSP70 are recognized by sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients but not Chagas' disease patients. J. clin. Microbiol.30 (1992) 330–335.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. De Carvalho, E.F., De Castro, F., Rondinelli, E., Soares, C.M.A., and Carvalho, J.F., HSP 70 gene expression in Trypanosoma cruzi is regulated at different levels. J. cell. Physiol.143 (1990) 439–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. de Graeff Meeder E.R., van-Eden, W., Rijkers, G.T., Prakken, B.J., Zegers, B.J., and Kuis, W., Heat-shock proteins and juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin. expl Rheumat.11 (1993)S25-S8.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Deepe, G.S. Jr., and Bullock, W.E., Histoplasmosis: A granulomatous inflamotory response, in Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, pp. 943–958. Eds J.I. Gallin, I. M. Goldstein, and R. Snyderman. Raven Press, New York 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Deepe, G.S. Jr., Protective immunity in murie histoplasmosis: functional comparison of adoptively transferred T-cell clones and splenic T cells. Infect. Immun.56 (1988)2350–2355.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. DeNagel, D.C., Pierce, S.K., Heat shock proteins in immune response. Crit. Rev. Immun.13 (1993) 71–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Di Lallo, G., Gargano, S., and Maresca, B., TheHistoplasma capsulatum cdc2 gene is transcriptionally regulated during the morphologic transition. Gene140 (1994) 51–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dubois, M.F., Hovanessian, A.G., and Bensaude, O., Heat shock induced denaturation of proteins. J. biol. Chem.266 (1991) 9707–9711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Engman, D.M., Dragon, E.A., and Donelson, J.E., Human immunity to HSP70 duringTrypanosoma cruzi infection. J. Immun.144 (1990) 3987–3991.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Engman, D.M., Kirchhoff, L.V., and Donelson, J.E., Molecular cloning of mtp70, a mitochondrial member of thehsp70 family. Molec. cell Biol.9 (1989) 5163–5168.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Fields, P.I., Groisman, E.A., and Heffron, F.A.,Salmonella locus that controls resistance to microbicidal proteins from phagocytic cells. Science243 (1989) 1059–1062.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Firestein, G.S., The immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumat.3 (1991) 398–406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gargano, S., Di Lallo, G., Kobayashi, G.S., and Maresca, B., Physical analysis and expression of Δ9 Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene ofHistoplasma capsulatum (submitted).

  26. Gomez, A.M., Rhodes, J.C., and Deepe, G.S. Jr., Antigenicity and immunogenicity of an extract from the cell wall and cell membrane ofHistoplasma capsulatum yeast cells. Infect. Immun.59 (1991) 330–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Gomez, F.J., Gomez, A.M., and Deepe, G.S. Jr., Protective efficacy of a 62 kilodalton antigen, HIS-62, from the cell wall and cell membrane ofHistoplasma capsulatum yeast cells. Infect. Immun.59 (1991) 4459–4464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Gomez, F.J., Gomez, A.M., and Deepe, G.S. Jr., A 80 kilodalton antigen fromHistoplasma capsulatum that has homology to heat shock protein 70 induces cell-mediated immune response and protection in mice. Infect. Immun.60 (1992) 2565–2571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Groisman, E.A., Parra-Lopez, C., Salcedo, M., and Lipps, C.J., Resistance to host antimicrobial peptides is necessary forSalmonella virulence. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA89 (1992) 11939–11943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Hedstrom, R., Culpepper, J., Harrison, R.A., Agabian, N., and Newport, G., A major immunogen inSchistosoma mansomi infections is homologous to the heat shock protein HSP70. J. expl Med.165 (1987) 1430–1435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hedstrom, R., Culpepper, J., Schinski, V., Agabian, N., and Newport, G., Schistosome heat shock proteins are immunologically distinct host-like antigens. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.29 (1988) 275–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jaevons, L., Hunt, L., and Hamilton, A., Immunochemical studies of heat shock protein 80 ofHistoplasma capsulatum. J. med. vet. Mycol.32 (1994) 47–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Johnson, K.S., Wells, K., Bock, J.V., Nene, V., Taylor, D.W., and Cordingley J.S., The 86-kDa antigen from Schistosoma mansoni is a heat shock protein homologous to yeast hsp-90. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.36 (1989) 19–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kamei, K., Brummer, E., Clemons, K.V., and Stevens, D.A., Induction of stress proteins inHistoplasma capsulatum by heat, low pH and hydrogen peroxide. J. med. vet. Mycol.30 (1990) 385–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kay, R.J., Russnak, R.H., Jones, D., Mathias, C., and Candido, E.P., Expression of intron-containingC.elegans heat shock genes in mouse cells demonstrates divergence of 3′ splice site recognition sequences between nematodes and vertebrates, and an inhibitory effect of heat shock on the mammalian splicing apparatus. Nucleic Acids Res.15 (1987) 3723–3741.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Kumar, N., Koski, G., Harada, M., Aikawa, M., and Zheng, H., Induction and localization ofPlasmodium falciparum stress proteins related to the heat shock protein 70 family. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.48 (1991) 47–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kumar, N., Nagasawa, H., Sacci, J.B., Sina, B.J., Aikawa, M., Atkinson, C., Uparanukraw, P., Kubiak, L.B., Azad, A., and Hollingdale, M.R., Expression of members of the heat shock protein 70 family in the exoerythrocytic stages ofPlasmodium berghei andPlasmodium falciparum. Parasit. Res.79 (1993) 109–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kumar, N., Syin, C., Carter, R., Quakyi, I., and Miller, L.H.,Plasmodium falciparum gene encoding a protein similar to the 78-kDa rat glucose-regulated stress protein. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA85 (1988) 6277–6281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Kun, J., and Muller-Hill, B., The sequence of a third member of the heat shock protein family inPlasmodium falciparum. Nucleic Acids Res.17 (1989) 5384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Lamb, J.R., Bal, V., Mendez-Samperio, P., Mehlert, A., So, A., Rothbard, J., Jindal, S., Young, R.A., and Young, D.B., Stress proteins may provide a link between the immune response to infection and autoimmunity. Int. Immun.1 (1989) 191–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee, M.G., Atkinson, B.L., Giannini, S.H., and Van-der-Ploeg, L.H., Structure and expression of thehsp70 gene family ofLeishmania major. Nucleic Acids Res.16 (1988) 9567–9585.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee, M.G., Polvere, R.I., and Van der Ploeg, L.H., Evidence for segmental gene conversion between a cognate hsp 70 gene and the temperature-sensitively transcribed hsp70 genes ofTrypanosoma brucei. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.41 (1990) 213–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee, M.G., and Van der Ploeg, L.H., Transcription of thehsp70 locus inTrypanosoma brucei. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.41 (1990) 221–231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Levy-Yeyati, P., Bonnefoy, S., Mirkin, G., Debrant, A., Lafon, S., Panebra, A., Gonzalez-Cappa, E., Dedet, J.P., Hontebeyrie, M., and Levin, M.J., The 70kDa heat-shock protein is a major antigenic determinant in humanTrypanosoma cruzei/Leishmania brazilienis mixed infection. Immun. Lett.31 (1992) 27–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Libby, S.J., Goebel, W., Ludwig, A., Buchmeir, N., Bowe, F., Fang, F.C., Guiney, D.G., Songer, J.G., and Heffron, F., A cytolysin encoded bySalmonella is required for survivalwithin macrophages. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA91 (1994) 489–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Lindquist, S., The heat-shock response. A. Rev. Biochem.55 (1986) 1151–1191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lindquist, S., Heat-shock proteins and stress tolerance in microorganisms. Curr. Opin. genet. Dev.2 (1992) 748–755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lindquist, S., and Craig, E.A., The heat shock proteins. A. Rev. Genet.22 (1988) 631–677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. MacFarlane, J., Blaxter, M.L., Bishop, R.P., Miles, M.A., and Kelly, J.M., Identification and characterisation of aLeishmania donovani antigen belonging to the 70-kDa heat-shock protein family. Eur. J. Biochem.190 (1990) 377–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Maresca, B. and Carratú, L., The biology of heat shock response in parasites. Parasit. Today8 (1992) 260–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Maresca, B., Carratú, L., and Kobayashi, G.S., Morphological transition in the human 2fungal pathogenHistoplasma capsulatum. Trends Microbiol.2 (1994) 110–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Maresca, B., and Kobayashi, G.S., Changes in membrane fluidity modulate heat shock gene expression and produce attenuated strains in the dimorphic fungusHistoplasma capsulatum. Archs med. Res.24 (1993) 247–249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mason, P.J., Shiels, B.R., Tait, A., Beck, P., and Hall, R., Sequence and expression of a gene from Theileria annualata coding for a 70-kilodalton heat-shock protein. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.37 (1989) 27–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Matthews, R.C., and Bournie, J., The role ofhsp90 in fungal infection. Immun. Today13 (1992) 345–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Minchiotti, G., Gargano, S., and Maresca, B., The intron-containinghsp82 gene of the dimorphic pathogenic fungusHistoplasma capsulatum is properly spliced in severe heat shock conditions. Molec. cell. Biol.11 (1991) 5624–5630.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Minchiotti, G., Gargano, S., and Maresca, B., Molecular cloning and expression ofhsp82 gene of the dimorphic pathogenic fungusHistoplasma capsulatum. Biochim. biophys. Acta1131 (1992) 103–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Muhich, M.L., and Boothroyd, J.C., Polycistronic transcripts in trypanosomes and their accumulation during heat shock: evidence for a precursor role in mRNA synthesis. Molec. cell. Biol.8 (1988) 3837–3846.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Muhich, M.L., and Boothroyd, J.C., Heat-shock disruption of trans-splicing in trypanosomes: effect on Hsp70, Hsp85 and tubulin mRNA synthesis. Gene82 (1989) 169–175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Muhich, M.L., Hsu, M.P., and Boothroyd, J.C., Synthesis ofTrypanosome hsp70 mRNA is resistant to disruption oftrans-splicing by heat shock. J. biol. Chem.264 (1989) 7107–7110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Neumann, S., Ziv, E., Lantner, F., and Schechter, I., Regulation ofhsp70 gene exoression during the life cycle of the parasitic helminthSchistosoma mansoni. Eur. J. Biochem.212 (1993) 589–596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Neumann, S., Ziv, E., and Schechter, I., Cloning and sequencing of anhsp70 gene ofSchistosoma mansoni. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.56 (1992) 357–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ortner, S., Plaimauer, B., Binder, M., Wiedermann, G., Scheiner, O., and Duchene, M., Humoral immune response against a 70-kilodalton heat shock protein ofEntamoeba histolytica in a group of patients with invasive amoebiasis. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.54 (1992) 175–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Patriarca, E.J., and Maresca, B., Acquired thermotolerance following heat shock protein synthesis prevents impairment of mitochondrial ATPase activity at elevated temperatures inS. cerevisiae. Expl Cell Res.190 (1990) 57–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Peterson, M.G., Crewther, P.E., Thompson, J.K., Corcoran, L.M., Coppel, R.L., Brown, G.V., Anders, R.F., and Kemp, D.J., A second antigenic heat shock protein ofPlasmodium falciparum. DNA7 (1988) 71–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Polla, B.S., Heat shock proteins in host-parasite interactions. Immun. Today.12 (1991) A38–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Requena, J.M., Jimenez-Ruiz, A., Soto, M., Assiego, R., Santaren, J.F., Lopez, M.C., Patarroyo, M.E., and Alonso, C., Regulation ofhsp70 expression inTrypanosoma cruzi by temperature and growth phase. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.53 (1992) 201–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rey-Ladino, J.A., and Reiner, NE., Expression of 65- and 67-kilodalton heat-regulated proteins and a 70-kilodalton heat shock cognate protein ofLeishmania donovani in macrophages. Infect. Immun.61 (1993) 3265–3272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Rothman, J.E., Polypeptide chain binding proteins: catalysts of protein folding and related processes in cells. Cell59 (1989) 591–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rothstein, N., and Rajan, T.V., Characterization of anhsp70 gene from the human filarial parasiteBrugia malayi. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.49 (1991) 229–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Scallon, B.J., Bogitsh, B.J., and Carter, C.E., Cloning of aSchistosoma japonicum gene encoding a major immunogen recognized by hyperimmune rabbits. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.24 (1987) 237–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schlesinger, M.J., Heat shock proteins. J. biol. Chem.265 (1990) 12111–12114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Schultz, D.R., and Arnold, P.I., Heat shock (stress) proteins and autoimmunity in rheumatic diseases. Semin. Arthritis Rheum.22 (1993) 357–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Searle, S., Campos, A.J., Coulson, R.M., Spithill, T.W., and Smith, D.F., A family of heat shock protein 70-related genes are expressed in th epromastigotes ofLeishmania major. Nucleic Acids Res.17 (1989) 5081–5095.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Searle, S., McCrossan, M.V., and Smith, D.F., Expression of a mitochondrial stress protein in the protozoanLeishmania major. J. Cell Sci.104 (1993) 1091–1100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Selkik, M.E., Denham, D.A., Partono, F., and Maizels, R.M., Heat shock cognate 70 is a prominent immunogen in Brugian filariasis. J. Immun.143 (1989) 299–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Shapira, M., McEwen, J.G., and Jaffe, C.L., Temperature effects on molecular processes which lead to stage differentiation inLeishmania. EMBO J.7 (1988) 2895–2901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Shearer, G., Birge, C., Yuckenberg, P.D., Kobayashi, G.S., and Medoff, G., Heat-shock proteins induced during the mycelial-to-yeast transitions of strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum. J. gen. Microbiol.133 (1987) 3375–3382.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sheppard, M., Kemp, D.J., Anders, R.F., and Lew, A.M., High level sequence homology betweenPlasmodium chabaudi heat shock protein gene and itsPlasmodium falciparum equivalent. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.33 (1989) 101–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Shinnick, T.M., Heat shock proteins as antigens of bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immun.167 (1991) 145–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Smejkal, R. M., Wolff, R., and Olenick, J. G.,Leishmania braziliensis panamensis: increased infectivity resulting from heat shock. Expl. Parasit.65 (1988) 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sorger, P.K., and Pelham, H.R.B., Purification and characterization of a heat-shock element binding protein from yeast. EMBO J.6 (1987) 3005–3041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Sorger, P.K., Lewis, M.J., and Pelham, H.R.B., Heat shock factor is regulated differently in yeast and HeLa cells. Nature329 (1987) 81–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Toye, P., and Remold, H., The influence of temperature and serum deprivation on the synthesis of heat-shock proteins and alpha and beta tubulin in promastigotes ofLeishmania major. Molec. Biochem. Parasit.35 (1989) 1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Tsang, T.C., New model for 70 kDa heat-shock proteins' potential mechanisms of function. FEBS Lett.323 (1993) 1–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Twomey, B., McCallum, S., Dhillon, V., Isenberg, D., and Latchman, D., Transcription of the genes encoding the small heat shock protein ubiquitin is unchanged in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity13 (1992) 197–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Van der Ploeg, L.H.T., Giannini, S.H., and Cantor, C.R., Heat shock genes: regulatory role for differentiation in parasitic protozoa. Science228 (1985) 1443–1446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Watson, K., Microbial stress proteins. Adv. microb. Physiol.31 (1990) 183–223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Welch, W.J., Mammalian stress response: cell physiology, structure/function of stress proteins, and implications for medicine and disease. Physiol. Rev.7 (1992) 1063–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Winfield, J.B., and Jarjour, W.N., Do stress proteins play a role in arthritis and autoimmunity? Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immun.167 (1991) 161–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Yost, H.J., and Lindquist, S., RNA splicing is interrupted by heat shock and is rescued by heat shock protein synthesis. Cell45 (1986) 185–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Yost, H.J., and Lindquist, S., Heat shock proteins affect RNA processing during heat shock response ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Molec. cell. Biol.11 (1991) 1062–1068.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Young, R.A., and Elliot, T.J., Stress proteins, infection and immune surveillance. Cell59 (1989) 5–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Young, D., Garbe, T., and Lathigra, R.,in: Heat Shock, pp. 203–208. Eds B. Maresca, and S. Lindquist. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 1991.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNR, International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Via Marconi 12, I-80125, Naples, Italy

    B. Maresca

  2. School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University, Campus Box 8051, 63110, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    G. S. Kobayashi

Authors
  1. B. Maresca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. S. Kobayashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maresca, B., Kobayashi, G.S. Hsp70 in parasites: as an inducible protective protein and as an antigen. Experientia 50, 1067–1074 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923463

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923463

Key words

Search

Navigation