Abstract
Transient Thermal Gratings (TTGs) at surfaces of absorbing materials have been utilized for investigating heat diffusion in bulk materials and thin films. In this report, we describe the theoretical background of the technique and present experimental data. TTGs were excited in the surface plane by interference of two pulsed laser beams and monitored by a cw probe beam, either via temperature dependence of the reflectivity or by deflection from the displacement pattern. A theoretical model describing the thermal and thermoelastic surface response was developed, both for a homogeneous material and a multilayer structure. The potential of the technique will be demonstrated by experimental results on (i) thermal diffusivities of bulk materials, (ii) anisotropic lateral heat transport, and (iii) thermal diffusivities of metal and diamond films. Furthermore, we will show that TTGs allow thermal depth profiling of inhomogeneous materials whenever there is a vertical gradient in thermal conductivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.E. Goodson, M.I. Flik: Appl. Mech. Rev.47, 101 (1994)
J.E. Graebner: Diamond Films Technol.3, 77 (1993)
P. Hess (ed.):Photoacoustic, Photothermal and Photochemical Processes at Surfaces and in Thin Films, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 47 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989)
A. Mandelis (ed.):Principles and Perspectives of Photothermal and Photoacoustic Phenomena (Elsevier, New York 1992)
D. Bičanič (ed.):Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena III, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 69 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992)
D. Fournier, J.P. Roger (eds.): 8th Int'l Topical Meeting on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena. J. Phys. IV (Paris)4, Coll. C7 (1994)
H.J. Eichler, P. Guenter, D.W. Pohl:Laser-Induced Dynamic Gratings, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 50 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1986)
A. Harata, H. Nishimura, T. Sawada: Appl. Phys. Lett.57, 132 (1990)
J. Jàuregui, E. Matthias. Appl. Phys. A54, 35 (1991)
C.D. Marshall, I.M. Fishmann, M.D. Fayer: Phys. Rev. B43, 2696 (1991)
O.W. Käding, E. Matthias, R. Zachai, H.-J. Füßer, P. Münzinger: Diamond Related Mater.2, 1185 (1993)
M. Alam, R.E. Imhof, B Zharg: [6]D. Fournier, J.P. Roger (eds.): p. C7–299
H. Eichler, G. Salje, H. Stahl: J. Appl. Phys.44, 5383 (1973)
C.D. Marshall, I.M. Fishmann, R.C. Dorfman, C.B. Eom, M.D. Fayer: Phys. Rev. B45, 10009 (1992)
O.W. Käding, M. Rösler, R. Zachai, H.-J. Füßer, E. Matthias: Diamond Related Mater.3, 1178 (1994)
O.W. Käding, H. Skurk, E. Matthias: [6]D. Fournier, J.P. Roger (eds.): p. C7–619
A. Harata, T. Sawada: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.32, 2188 (1993)
A.R. Duggal, J.A. Rogers, K.A. Nelson: J. Appl. Phys.72, 2623 (1992)
X.D. Zhu, Th. Rasing, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. Lett.61, 2883 (1988)
S.V. Govorkov, T. Schröder, I.L. Schumay, P. Heist: Phys. Rev. B46, 6864 (1992)
J.J. Kasinski, L.A. Gomez-Jahn, K.J. Faran, S.M. Gracewski, R.J.D. Miller: J. Chem. Phys.90, 1253 (1989)
A. Tokmakoff, W.F. Banholzer: M.D. Fayer: Appl. Phys. A56, 87 (1993)
J.A. Jáuregui, E. Welsch: J. Mod. Opt.40, 2173 (1993)
M.A. Olmstead, N.M. Amer, S. Kohn, D. Fournier, A.C. Boccara: Appl. Phys. A32, 141 (1983)
K. Ujihara: J. Appl. Phys.43, 2376 (1972)
A. Rosencwaig, J. Opsal, W.L. Smith, D.L. Willenborg: Appl. Phys. Lett.46, 1013 (1985)
H.S. Carslaw, J.C. Jaeger:Conduction of Heat in Solids (Oxford Univ. Press, New York 1959)
W. Nowacki:Thermoelasticity (Pergamon, New York 1986)
E.T. Swartz, R.O. Pohl: Rev. Mod. Phys.61, 605 (1989)
O.W. Käding, H. Skurk, K.E. Goodson: Appl. Phys. Lett.65, 1629 (1994)
For vanishing interface thermal resistance, (17) is consistent with (4b) in J. Opsal, A. Rosencwaig, D.L. Willenborg: Appl. Opt.22, 3169 (1983)
D.W. Pohl, S.E. Schwarz, V. Irninger: Phys. Rev. Lett.31, 32 (1973)
W. Chan, P.S. Pershan: Phys. Rev. Lett.39, 1368 (1977)
Y.S. Touloukian, R.W. Powell, C.Y. Ho, P.G. Klemens:Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vols. 1, 2 (IFI/Plenum, New York 1970)
T.R. Anthony, J.L. Fleischer, I.R. Olson, D.G. Cahill: Phys. Rev. B42, 1104 (1990)
H. Skurk, O.W. Käding, E. Matthias: unpublished
J. Jauregui, Z.L. Wu, D. Schäfer, E. Matthias: — 1992) p. 682
K. Plamann, D. Fournier, E. Anger, A. Gicquel. Diamond Related Mater.3, 752 (1994)
J.E. Graebner, S., Jin, G.W. Kammlot, J.A. Herb, C.F. Gardinier: Appl. Phys. Lett.60, 1576 (1992)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Käding, O.W., Skurk, H., Maznev, A.A. et al. Transient thermal gratings at surfaces for thermal characterization of bulk materials and thin films. Appl. Phys. A 61, 253–261 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538190
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538190