Abstract
Liver cancer, whether primary or secondary, is one of the most difficult to treat among malignant solid tumors, with a miserable prognosis. In view of the relative lack of exciting progress in the management of metastatic liver cancer in recent years this lecture necessarily concerns primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Time permits coverage of only several important aspects of general interest and recent advances in the study of HCC.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tong MJ, Sun SC, Schaeffe BT, et al: Hepatitis-associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Ann Intern Med 75:687–691, 1971
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS: Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 2:1129–1133, 1981
Beasley RP: Hepatitis B virus as the etiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma—epidemiologic considerations. Hepatology 2:21S-26S, 1982
Bréchot C, Pourcel C, Louise A, et al: Presence of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA in cellular DNA of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 286:533–535, 1980
Bréchot C, Hadchouel M, Scott J, et al: State of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes of patients with HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:3306–3310, 1981
Shafritz DA: Hepatitis B virus DNA molecules in the liver of HBsAg carriers: Mechanistic consideration in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2:35S-41S, 1982
Popper H, Gerber MA, Thung SN: The relation of hepatocellular carcinoma to infection with hepatitis B and related viruses in man and animals. Hepatology 2:1S-9S, 1982
Bréchot C, Degos F, Lugassy C, et al: Hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 312:270–276, 1985
Summers J, Smoles JM, Snyder R: A virus similar to hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis and hepatoma in woodchucks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:4533–4537, 1978
Popper H, Shih JWK, Gerin JL, et al: Woodchuck hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Correlation of histologic with virologic observations. Hepatology 1:91–98, 1981
Omata M, Uchiumi K Ito Y, et al: Duck hepatitis B virus and liver diseases. Gastroenterology 85:260–267 1983
Yokosuka O, Omata M, Zhou YZ, Imazeki F, Okuda K: Duck hepatitis B virus in liver and serum of Chinese ducks: Integration of viral DNA in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:5180–5184, 1985
Omata M, Yokosuka O, Imazeki F, et al: Transmission of duck hepatitis B virus from Chinese carrier ducks to Japanese ducklings: A study of viral DNA in serum and tissue. Hepatology 4:603–607, 1984
Sakuma K, Takahara T, Okuda K, Tsuda F, Mayumi M: Prognosis of hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriers in relation to routine liver function tests: A prospective study. Gastroenterology 83:114–117, 1982
Okuda K, Mackay I: Hepatocellular carcinoma. UICC Tech Rep Ser 74:67–76, 1982
Okuda K Kubo Y, Okazaki N, et al: Clinical aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including hilar carcinoma A study of 57 autopsy-proven cases. Cancer 39:232–246, 1977
Saracci R, Repetto F: Time trends of primary liver cancer: Indication of increased incidence in selected cancer registry populations. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:241–247, 1980
Lee FI: Cirrhosis and hepatoma in alcoholics. Gut 7:77–95, 1966
Okuda K, Musha H, Nakajima Y, et al: Clinicopathological features of encapsulated hepatocellular carcinoma. A study of 26 cases. Cancer 40:1240–1245, 1977
Okuda K, Peters RL, Simson IW: Gross anatomical features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas. Proposal of new classification. Cancer 54:2165–2173, 1984
Shikata T: Primary liver carcinoma and liver cirrhosis.In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. K Okuda, RL Peters, (eds). New York, Wiley, 1976, pp 53–72
Peters RL: Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma.In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. K Okuda, RL Peters (eds). New York Wiley, 1976, pp 107–168
Primack A, Vogel CL, Kyalwazi SK, et al: A staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: Prognostic factors in Ugandan patients. Cancer 35:1257–1264, 1975
Okuda K, Ohtsuki T, Obata H, et al: Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients. Cancer 56:918–928, 1985
Peers RG, Linsell CA: Dietary aflatoxin and liver cancer; a population based study in Kenya. Br J Cancer 27:473–484, 1973
Wogan GN: Dietary factors and special epidemological situations of liver cancer in Thailand and Africa. Cancer Res 35:3499–3502, 1975
Steiner PE: Cancer of the liver and cirrhosis in trans-Saharan Africa and the United States of America. Cancer 13:1085–1166, 1960
Anthony PP, Vogel CL, Barker LF: Liver cell dysplasia: A premalignant condition. J Clin Pathol 26:217–223, 1973
Anthony PP: Precusor lesions for liver cancer in humans. Cancer Res 36:2579–2583, 1976
Omata M, Mori J, Yokosuka O, et al: Hepatitis B virus antigens in liver tissue in hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced chronic liver disease—relationship to liver cell dysplasia. Liver 2:125–132, 1982
Uchida T, Mayama H, Shikata T: Human hepatocellular carcinoma and putative precacerous disorders. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:180–186, 1981
Chen DS, Sheu JC, Sung JL, et al: Small hepatocellular carcinoma—a clinicopathological study in thirteen patients. Gastroenterology 83:1109–1119, 1983
Shinagawa T, Ohto M, Kimura K, et al: Diagnosis and clinical features of small hepatocellular carcinoma with emphasis on the utility of real-time ultrasonography. A study in 51 patients. Gastroenterology 86:495–502, 1984
Ebara M, Ohto M, Shinagawa T, et al: Natural history of minute hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than three centimeters complicating cirrhosis. A study in 22 patients. Gastroenterology 90:289–298, 1986
Arakawa M, Sugihara S, Kenmochi K, et al: Small mass lesions in cirrhosis. Transition from benign adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1:3–14, 1986
Edmondson HA: Benign epithelial tumors and tumorlike lesions of the liver.In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. K Okuda, RL Peters (eds). New York, Wiley, 1976, pp 309–332
Obata H, Hayashi N, Motoike Y, et al: A prospective study on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma from liver cirrhosis with persistent hepatitis B virus infection. Int J Cancer 25:741–747, 1980
Chen DS, Sung JL, Sheu JC, et al: Serum α-fetoprotein in the early stage of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 86:1404–1409, 1984
Ohto M, Karasawa E, Tsuchiya Y, et al: Ultrasonically guided percutaneous contrast medium injection and aspiration biopsy using a real-time puncture transducer. Radiology 136:171–176, 1980
Makuuchi M, Bandai Y, Ito T, et al: Ultrasonically guided percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage. A single-step procedure without cholangiography. Radiology 136:165–169, 1980
Shinagawa T, Ohto M, Kimura K, et al: Real-time ultrasonographic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Gastroenterol 78:2402–2411, 1981
Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS, et al: Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 89:259–266, 1985
Yumoto Y, Jinno K, Tokuyama K, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma detected by iodized oil. Radiology 154:19–24, 1985
Maki S, Konno T, Maeda H: Image enhancement in computed tomography for sensitive diagnosis of liver cancer and semiquantitation of tumors selective drug targeting with oily contrast medium. Cancer 56:751–757, 1985
Lin TY: Surgical treatments of primary liver cell carcinoma.In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. K Okuda, RL Peters (eds). New York, Wiley, 1976, pp 449–468
Okuda K, Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan: Primary liver cancers in Japan. Cancer 45:2663–2669 1980
Zhou XD, Tang ZY: Factors influencing resectability and resection survival rates of subclinical hepatocellular carcinoma.In Subclinical Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ZY Tang (ed). Beijin, China Academy Publishers, 1985, pp 78–84
Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan: Primary liver cancer in Japan. Cancer 54:1747–1755, 1984
Okazaki N: Systemic chemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.In Hepatocellulars Carcinoma, K Okuda, RL Peters (eds). New York, Wiley, 1976, pp 469–476
Kubo Y, Shimokawa Y: Arterial injection chemotherapy.In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. K Okuda, RL Peters (eds). New York, Wiley, 1976, pp 477–490
Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, et al: Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology 148:397–401, 1983
Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, et al: Hepatic arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Comparison of CT scans and resected specimens. Radiology 150:661–665, 1984
Furui S, Otomo K, Itai Y, Iio M: Hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization: Progress evaluation by computed tomography. Radiology 1950:773–778, 1984
Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, et al: Gallbladder infarction after hepatic artery embolization. Am J Roentgenol 144:135–138, 1985
Takyasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, et al: Splenic infarction, a complication of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization for liver malignancies. Radiology 151:371–375, 1984
Okuda K, Musha H, Yoshida T, et al: Demonstration of growing casts of hepatocellular carcinoma in the portal vein by celiac angiography: The thread and streaks sign. Radiology 117:303–309, 1975
Okuda K: Advances in hepatobiliary ultrasonography. Hepatology 1:662–672, 1981
Nakayama T, Hiyama Y, Ohnishi K, et al: Arterial shunts on dynamic computed tomography Am J Roentgenol 140:953–957, 1982
Mathieu D, Grenier P, Larde D, Vasile N: Portal vein involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma: dynamic CT features. Radiology 152:127–132, 1984
Ohnishi K, Okuda K, Ohtsuki T, et al: Formation of hilar collaterals or cavernous tranformation after portal vein obstruction by hepatocellular carcinoma. Observations in ten patients. Gastroenterology 87:1150–1153, 1984
Kato T, Nemoto R, Mori H, et al: Arterial chemoembolization with microencapsulated anticancer drug. An approach to selective cancer chemotherapy with sustained effects. JAMA 245:1123–1127, 1981
Konno T, Maeda H, Iwai K, et al: Effect of arterial administration of high-molecular-weight anticancer agent SMANCS with lipid lymphographic agent on hepatoma: A preliminary report. Eur J Cancer Oncol 19:1053–1065, 1983
Okuda K: Clinical aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma-analysis of 134 cases.In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. K Okuda, RL Peters (eds). New York, Wiley, 1976, pp 387–436
Yoshida T, Okazaki N, Yoshino M, et al: Minute hepatocellular carcinoma without appreciable change in size for seven years: A case report. Cancer 49:1491–1495, 1982
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okuda, K. Primary liver cancer. Digest Dis Sci 31 (Suppl 9), 133–146 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295995
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295995