Summary
An outline is given of some of the methodological issues discussed in neuroradiological research on psychiatric illness. Strengths and shortcomings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in depicting and quantifying brain structures are described. Temporal lobe anatomy and pathology are easily accessible to MRI, whereas limits on anatomical delineation hamper approaches to frontal lobe study. White matter hyperintense lesions are sensitively depicted by MRI, but specificity is limited. Distinction of vascular and primary degenerative dementia is considerably improved by CT and MRI analysis. Computed tomography (CT) and MRI have enhanced the understanding of treatable organic psychiatric disorders, e.g., normal pressure hydrocephalus. Subcortical and white matter pathology has been replicated in CT and MRI studies of late-onset psychiatric disorders, clinical overlap with cerebrovascular disease or neurodegeneration may be of import. Transcranial sonography findings of brainstem structural change specific to unipolar depression may contribute to the understanding of affective psychoses. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI are likely to stimulate psychiatric research in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abas MA, Sahakian BJ, Levy R (1990) Neuropsychological deficits and CT scan changes in elderly depressives. Psychol Med 20: 507–520
Adam C, Baulac M, Saint-Hilaire JM, Landau J, Granat O, Laplane D (1994) Value of magnetic resonance imaging-based measurements of hippocampal formations in patients with partial epilepsy. Arch Neurol 51: 130–138
Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH (1965) Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with “normal” cerebrospinal fluid pressure. N Engl J Med 273: 117–126
Addonizio G, Alexopoulos GS (1993) Affective disorders in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 8: 41–47
Adler L, Räder K, Kolenda H (1992) Affective disorders and normal pressure hydrocephalus: indication for operation? Psychiat Prax 19: 154–156
Alexopoulos GS, Chester JG (1992) Outcome of geriatric depression. Clin Geriatr Med 8: 363–376
Alexopoulos GS, Young RC, Shindledecker RD (1992) Brain computed tomography findings in geriatric depression and primary degenerative dementia. Biol Psychiatry 31: 591–599
Almeida OP, Howard R, Förstl H, Levy R (1992) Late paraphrenia: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 7: 543–548
Almkvist O, Wahlund LO, Andersson-Lundman G, Basun H, Backman L (1992) White matter hyperintensity and neuropsychological functions in dementia and healthy aging. Arch Neurol 49: 626–632
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed, rev (DSM-III-R). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
Andreasen NC (1992) Neuroradiology and neuropsychiatry: a new alliance. AJNR 13: 841–843
Andreasen NC, Nasrallah HA, Dunn V, Olsen SC, Grove WM, Ehrhardt JC, Coffman JA, Crossett JHW (1986) Structural abnormalities in the frontal system in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 136–144
Andreasen NC, Ehrhardt JC, Swayze VW II, Alliger RJ, Yuh WT, Cohen G, Ziebell S (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia: the pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 35–44
Baldwin RC (1993) Late life depression and structural brain changes: a review of recent magnetic resonance imaging research. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 8: 115–123
Baldwin B, Förstl H (1993) “Pick's disease” — 101 years on. Still there, but in need of reform. Br J Psychiatry 163: 100–104
Bartzokis G, Garber HJ, Griswold VJ, Oldendorf WH, Mintz J, Marder SR (1991) T2 hyperintense foci on magnetic resonance images of schizophrenic patients and controls. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 40: 239–245
Beats BC (1991) Structural imaging in affective disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6: 419–422
Beats BC, Levy R, Förstl H (1991) Ventricular enlargement and caudate hyperdensity in elderly depressives. Biol Psychiatry 30: 452–458
Becker G, Greiner K, Kaune B, Winkler J, Brawanski A, Warmuth-Metz M, Bogdahn U (1991) Diagnosis and monitoring of subarachnoid hemorrhage by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurosurgery 28: 814–820
Becker G, Perez J, Krone A, Demuth K, Lindner A, Hofmann E, Winkler J, Bogdahn U (1992) Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in the evaluation of intracranial neoplasms and arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 31: 420–428
Becker G, Bogdahn U (1993) Transcranial color-coded real-time ultrasonography in adults. In: Babikian VL, Wechsler LR (eds) Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 51–66
Becker G, Winkler J, Hofmann E, Bogdahn U (1993) Differentiation of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. J Neuroimaging 3: 41–47
Becker G, Struck M, Bogdahn U, Becker T (1994) Echogenicity of the brainstem raphe in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 55: 75–84
Becker T, Schmidtke A, Stöber G, Franzek E, Teichmann E, Hofmann E (1994) Hyperintense white matter lesions in psychiatric patients: spatial distribution and psychopathological symptoms. Nervenarzt 65: 191–197
Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Gilley DW, Fox JH (1990) Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 961–965
Bennett DA, Gilley DW, Wilson RS, Huckman MS, Fox JH (1992) Clinical correlates of high signal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol 239: 186–190
Bogdahn U, Becker G, Winkler J, Greiner K, Perez J, Meurers B (1990) Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in adults. Stroke 21: 1680–1688
Bogerts B, Lieberman J (1993) Neuropathology in the study of psychiatric disease. In: Costa Silva JA, Nadelson CC (eds) International review of psychiatry, vol 1. American Psychiatric Press, Washington London, pp 515–555
Bondareff W, Raval J, Colletti PM, Hauser DL (1988) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 145: 853–856
Bondareff W, Raval J, Woo B, Hauser DL, Colletti PM (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging and the severity of dementia in older adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 47–51
Bowen BC, Baker WW, Loewenstein DA, Sheldon J, Duara R (1990a) MR signal abnormalities in memory disorder and dementia. Am J Roentgenol 154: 1285–1292
Bowen BC, Verma A, Bajwa S, Kusmirek L (1990b) Pseudopsychopathic syndrome in hydrocephalus: a case report and review. Neurosurgery 26: 661–663
Bradley WG (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow abnormalities. Mag Res Quart 8: 169–196
Bradley WG, Waluch V, Brant-Zawadzki M, Yadley RA, Wycoff RR (1984) Patchy, periventricular white matter lesions in the elderly: a common observation during NMR imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1: 35–41
Bradley WG, Whittemore AR, Kortman KE, Watanabe AS, Homyak M, Teresi LM, Davis SJ (1991a) Cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Radiology 178: 459–466
Bradley WG, Whittemore AR, Watanabe AS, Davis SJ, Teresi LM, Homyak M (1991b) Association of deep white matter infarction with chronic communicating hydrocephalus: implications regarding the possible origin of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR 12: 31–39
Breitner JC, Husain MM, Figiel GS, Krishnan KR, Boyko OB (1990) Cerebral white matter disease in late-onset paranoid psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 28: 266–274
Brown FW, Lewine RJ, Hudgins PA, Risch SC (1992) White matter hyperintensity signals in psychiatric and nonpsychiatric subjects. Am J Psychiatry 149: 620–625
Brun A, Englund E (1986) A white matter degeneration in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Ann Neurol 19: 253–262
Burns A (1990) Cranial computerised tomography in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Br J Psychiatry 157 [Suppl 9]: 10–15
Cannon TD, Marco E (1994) Structural brain abnormalities as indicators of vulnerability to schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 20: 89–102
Castle DJ, Howard R (1992) What do we know about the aetiology of late-onset schizophrenia? Eur Psychiatry 7: 99–108
Chong WK, Sweeney B, Wilkinson ID, Paley M, Hall-Craggs MA, Kendall BE, Shepard JK, Beecham M, Miller RF, Weller IVD, Newman SP, Harrisson MJ (1993) Proton spectroscopy of the brain in HIV infection: correlation with clinical, immunologie, and MR imaging findings. Radiology 188: 119–124
Chong WK, Paley M, Wilkinson ID, Hall-Craggs MA, Sweeney B, Harrison MJ, Miller RF, Kendall BE (1994) Localized cerebral proton MR spectroscopy in HIV infection and AIDS. AJNR 15: 21–25
Churchill CM, Priolo CV, Nemeroff CB, Krishnan KRR, Breitner JCS (1991) Occult subcortical magnetic resonance findings in elderly depressives. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6: 213–216
Coffey CE, Figiel GS, Djang WT, Cress M, Saunders WB, Weiner RD (1988) Leukoencephalopathy in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT. Biol Psychiatry 24: 143–161
Coffey CE, Figiel GS, Djang WT, Saunders WB, Weiner RD (1989) White matter hyper-intensity on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical and neuroanatomic correlates in the depressed elderly. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 1: 135–144
Coffey CE, Figiel GS, Djang WT, Weiner RD (1990) Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects. Am J Psychiatry 147: 187–189
Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, Soady SA, Sullivan RJ, Patterson LJ, Figiel GS, Webb MC, Spritzer CE, Djang WT (1992) Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 42: 527–536
Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Weiner RD, Parashos IA, Djang WT, Webb MC, Figiel GS, Spritzer CE (1993) Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 7–16
Cohen G, Andreasen NC, Alliger R, Arndt S, Kuan J, Yuh WTC, Ehrhardt J (1992) Segmentation techniques for the classification of brain tissue. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 45: 33–51
Cole AJ (1992) A survey of frontal lobe dementia in a psychogeriatric day unit population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 7: 731–738
Cook MJ, Fish DR, Shorvon SD, Straughan K, Stevens JM (1992) Hippocampal volumetric and morphometric studies in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 115: 1001–1015
Cooper AF, Curry AR, Kay DWK, Garside RF, Roth M (1974) Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of the elderly. Lancet ii: 851–854
Corsellis JAN (1970) The limbic areas in Al/heimer's disease and in other conditions associated with dementia. In: Wolstenholme GEW, O'Connor M (eds) Alzheimer's disease and related conditions. Churchill, London, pp 37–45
Cuenod CA, Denys A, Michot JL, Jehenson P, Forette F, Kaplan D, Syrota A, Boiler F (1993) Amygdala atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. An in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 50: 941–945
Cummings J, Miller B, Hill MA, Neshkes R (1987) Neuropsychiatrie aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 44: 389–393
Dauch WA, Zimmermann R (1990) Normal pressure hydrocephalus. A survey, 25 years after its first description. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 58: 178–190
David AS (1992) Frontal lobology — psychiatry's new pseudoscience. Br J Psychiatry 161: 244–248
David A, Blamire A, Breiter H (1994) Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Psychiatry 164: 2–7
Davie CA, Barker GJ, Quinn N, Tofts PS, Miller DH (1994) Proton MRS in Huntington's disease. Lancet 343: 1580
De Cristofaro MT, Mascalchi M, Pupi A, Nencini P, Formiconi AR, Inzitari D, Dal Pozzo G, Meldolesi U (1990) Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: single photon emission computed tomography — magnetic resonance imaging correlation. Am J Physiol Imaging 5: 68–74
Deicken RF, Reus VI, Manfred L, Wolkowitz OM (1991a) White matter hyperintensity in a psychiatric population. Biol Psychiatry 29: 918–922
Deicken RF, Hubesch B, Jensen PC, Sappey-Marinier D, Krell P, Wisniewski A, Vanderburg D, Parks R, Fein G, Weiner MW (1991b) Alterations in brain phosphate metabolite concentrations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 48: 203–209
De Lisi LE, Hoff AL, Schwartz JE, Shields GW, Halthore SN, Gupta SM, Henn FA, Anand AK (1991) Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 29: 159–175
del Ser T, Bermejo F, Portera A, Arredondo JM, Bouras C, Constantinidis J (1990) Vascular dementia. A clinicopathological study. J Neurol Sci 96: 1–17
DeMyer MK, Gilmor RL, Hendrie HC, DeMyer WE, Augustyn GT, Jackson RK (1988) Magnetic resonance brain images in schizophrenic and normal subjects: influence of diagnosis and education. Schizophr Bull 14: 21–37
De Reuck J, Decoo D, Strijckmans K, Lemahieu I (1992) Does the severity of leukoaraiosis contribute to senile dementia? A comparative computerized and positron emission tomographic study. Eur Neurol 32: 199–205
Diaz JF, Merskey H, Hachinski VC, Lee DH, Boniferro M, Wong CJ, Mirsen TR, Fox H (1991) Improved recognition of leukoaraiosis and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 48: 1022–1025
Dolan RJ, Calloway SP, Mann AH (1985) Cerebral ventricular size in depressed subjects. Psychol Med 15: 873–878
Dolan RJ, Poynton AM, Bridges PK, Trimble MR (1990) Altered magnetic resonance white matter T 1 values in patients with affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 157: 107–110
Duara R, Barker W, Loewenstein D, Pascal S, Bowen B (1989) Sensitivity and specificity of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Eur Neurol 29: 9–15
Dupont RM, Jernigan TL, Butters N, Delis D, Hesselink JR, Heindel W, Gillin JC (1990) Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and neuropsychological significance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 55–59
Engel PA, Gelber J (1992) Does computed tomographic brain imaging have a place in the diagnosis of dementia? Arch Intern Med 152: 1437–1440
Erkinjuntti T, Ketonen L, Sulkava R, Vuorialho M, Palo J (1987) CT and the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 75: 262–270
Erkinjuntti T, Sulkava R, Palo J, Ketonen L (1989) White matter low attenuation on CT in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 8: 95–104
Erkinjuntti T, Gao F, Lee DH, Eliasziw M, Merskey H, Hachinski VC (1994) Lack of difference in brain hyperintensities between patients with early Alzheimer's disease and control subjects. Arch Neurol 51: 260–268
Estler HC, Deckert J, Riedmann G, Becker T, Lesch KP (1994) Lilliputian and negative hallucinations in a patient with probable encephalomyelitis disseminata. Psychopathology (in press)
Fazekas F, Schmidt R, Offenbacher H, Niederkorn K, Homer S, Payer F, Lechner H (1991a) Prevalence of white matter and periventricular magnetic resonance hyperintensities in asymptomatic volunteers. J Neuroimaging 1: 27–30
Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Payer F, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Radner H, Lechner H (1991b) The morphologie correlate of incidental punctate white matter hyperintensities on MR images. AJNR 12: 915–921
Feinstein A, du Boulay G, Ron MA (1992) Psychotic illness in multiple sclerosis. A clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry 161: 680–685
Ferrer I, Bella R, Serrano MT, Marti E, Guionnet N (1990) Arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy in the elderly and its relation to white matter lesions in Binswanger's disease, multi-infarct encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 98: 37–50
Figiel GS, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM, Rao VP, Nemeroff CB, Boyko OB (1991) Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison between late age onset and early onset elderly depressed subjects. Neurobiol Aging 12: 245–247
Fischer P, Danielczyk W, Jellinger K, Lasman H, Simanyi M, Gatterer G, Marterer A, Seitelberger F (1991) Clinico-pathological classification of dementia. Nervenarzt 62: 408–414
Fisman M (1975) The brainstem in psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 126: 414–422
Flannigan BD, Bradley WG, Mazziotta JC, Rauschning W, Bentson JR, Lufkin RB, Hieshima GB (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem: normal structure and basic functional anatomy. Radiology 154: 375–383
Flint AJ, Rifat SL, Eastwood MR (1991) Late-onset paranoia: distinct from paraphrenia? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6: 103–109
Förstl H, Howard R, Almeida O, Burns A, Naguib M, Levy R (1991) Altersparaphrenie. Nervenarzt 62: 274–276
Fujikawa T, Yamawaki S, Fujita Y, Shibata Y, Touhouda Y (1992) Clinical study of correlation of pre-senile, senile depressive state with silent cerebral infarction — MRI findings and distribution. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 94: 851–863
Fukuda H, Kobayashi S, Okada K, Tsunematsu T (1990) Frontal white matter lesions and dementia in lacunar infarction. Stroke 21: 1143–1149
Gaffan EA, Gaffan D, Hodges JR (1991) Amnesia following damage to the left fornix and to other sites. Brain 114: 1297–1313
Garcia JH, Brown GG (1992) Vascular dementia: neuropathologic alterations and metabolic brain changes. J Neurol Sci 109: 121–131
George AE, de Leon M, Gentes CI, Miller J, London E, Budzilovich GN, Ferris S, Chase N (1986a) Leukoencephalopathy in normal and pathologie aging. 1. CT of brain lucencies. AJNR 7: 561–566
George AE, de Leon M, Kalnin A, Rosner L, Goodgold A, Chase N (1986b) Leukoencephalopathy in normal and pathologie aging 2. MRI of brain lucencies. AJNR 7: 567–570
George AE, de Léon M, Stylopoulos LA, Miller J, Kluger A, Smith G, Miller DC (1990) CT diagnostic features of Alzheimer's disease: importance of the choroidal/hippocampal fissure complex. AJNR 11: 101–107
Gorelick PB, Chatterjee A, Patel D, Flowerdew G, Dollear W, Taber J, Harris Y (1992) Cranial computed tomographic observations in multi-infarct dementia. A controlle$ study. Stroke 23: 804–811
Graff-Radford NR, Tranel D, von Hoesen GW, Brandt JP (1990) Diencephalic amnesia. Brain 113: 1–25
Greitz D, Hannerz J, Rähn T, Bolander H, Ericsson A (1994) MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in health and disease. Acta Radiol 35 (in press)
Gur RD, Pearlson GD (1993) Neuroimaging in schizophrenia research. Schizophr Bull 19: 337–353
Gurland BJ, Cross PS (1982) Epidemiology of psychopathology in old age: some implications for clinical services. Psychiatr Clin North Am 5: 11–26
Harrell LE, Duvall E, Folks DG, Duke L, Bartolucci A, Conboy T, Callaway R, Kerns D (1991) The relationship of high-intensity signals on magnetic resonance images to cognitive and psychiatric state in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 48: 1136–1140
Harris MJ, Cullum CM, Jeste DV (1988) Clinical presentation of late-onset schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 356–360
Harris GJ, Pearlson GD (1993) MRI-guided region of interest placement on emission computed tomograms. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 50: 57–63
Haug JO (1962) Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 38 [Suppl 165]
Heier LA, Bauer CJ, Schwartz L, Zimmerman RD, Morgelo S, Deck MD (1989) Large Virchow-Robin spaces: MR-clinical correlation. AJNR 10: 929–936
Hershey LA, Modic MT, Greenough G, Jaffe DF (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging in vascular dementia. Neurology 37: 29–36
Hillegaart V (1991) Functional topography of brain serotonergic pathways in rat. Acta Physiol Scand [Suppl 598]: 1–54
Hofmann E, Sedaghat-Kerdar M, Becker T, Warmuth-Metz M, Nadjmi M (1992) Unspecific white matter lesions: prevalence, number, and distribution in cranial MRI. Eur Radiol 2: 154–158
Hofmann E, Becker T, Jackel M, Metzner D, Schneider M, Meixensberger J, Reichmann H (1994a) The corpus callosum in communicating hydrocephalus: morphological and clinical findings. Neuroradiology (in press)
Hofmann E, Meixensberger J, Bogdahn U, Majowski A, Becker T, Warmuth-Metz M (1994b) Shunting hydrocephalus: Can “cine” MRI predict outcome? Klin Neurorad 4 (in press)
Honer WG, Hurwitz T, Li DKB, Palmer M, Paty DW (1987) Temporal lobe involvement in multiple sclerosis patients with psychiatric disorders. Arch Neurol 44: 187–190
Horikoshi T, Yagi S, Fukamachi A (1993) Incidental high-intensity foci in white matter on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Frequency and clinical significance in symptom-free adults. Neuroradiology 32: 151–155
House A, Dennis M, Warlow C, Hawton K, Molyneux A (1990) The relationship between intellectual impairment and mood disorder in the first year after stroke. Psychol Med 20: 805–814
Howard RJ, Förstl H, Naguib M, Burns A, Levy R (1992) First-rank symptoms of Schneider in late paraphrenia. Br J Psychiatry 160: 108–109
Howieson J, Kaye JA, Holm L, Howieson D (1993) Interuncal distance: marker of aging and Alzheimer's disease. AJNR 14: 647–650
Hunt AL, Orrison WW, Yeo RA, Haalund KY, Rhyne RL, Garry PJ, Rosenberg GA (1989) Clinical significance of MRI white matter lesions in the elderly. Neurology 9: 1470–1474
Iidaka T (1993) Brain MRI hyperintense lesions and cerebrovascular risk factors in the elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 30: 317–324
Ikeda M, Tanabe H, Nakagawa Y, Kazui H, Oi H, Yamazaki H, Harada K, Nishimura T (1994) MRI-based quantitative assessment of the hippocampal region in very mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Neuroradiology 36: 7–10
Inzitari D, Diaz F, Fox A, Hachinski V, Steingart A, Lau C, Donald A, Wade J, Mulic H, Merskey H (1987) Vascular risk factors and leukoaraiosis. Arch Neurol 44: 42–47
Jack Jr CR (1994) MRI-based hippocampal volume measurements in epilepsy. Epilepsia 35 [Suppl 6]: S21-S29
Jack Jr CR, Mokri B, Laws Jr ER, Wayne Houser O, Baker HL, Petersen RC (1987) MR findings in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: significance and comparison with other forms of dementia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11: 923–931
Jack Jr CR, Gehring DG, Sharbrough FW, Felmlee JP, Forbes G, Hench VS, Zinsmeister AR (1988) Temporal lobe volume measurement from MR images: accuracy and left-right asymmetry in normal persons. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 21–29
Jack Jr CR, Twomey CK, Zinsmeister AR, Sharbrough FW, Petersen RC, Cascino GD (1989) Anterior temporal lobes and hippocampal formations: normative volumetric measurements from MR images in young adults. Radiology 172: 549–554
Jack Jr CR, Bentley MD, Twomey CK, Zinsmeister AR (1990a) MR imaging-based volume measurements of the hippocampal formation and anterior temporal lobe: validation studies. Radiology 176: 205–209
Jack Jr CR, Sharbrough FW, Twomey CK, Cascino GD, Hirschorn KA, Marsh WR, Zinsmeister AR, Scheithauer B (1990b) Temporal lobe seizures: lateralization with MR volume measurements of the hippocampal formation. Radiology 175: 423–429
Jack Jr CR, Petersen RC, O'Brien PC, Tangalos EG (1992) MR-based hippocampal volumetry in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 42: 183–188
Jacoby RJ, Levy R (1980) Computed tomography in the elderly. 3. Affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 136: 270–275
Jacoby RJ, Levy R, Bird JM (1981) Computed tomography and the outcome of affective disorder: a follow-up study of elderly patients. Br J Psychiatry 139: 288–292
Jacoby RJ, Dolan RJ, Levy R, Baldy R (1983) Quantitative computed tomography in elderly depressed patients. Br J Psychiatry 143: 124–127
Janota I, Mirsen TR, Hachinski VC, Lee DH, Merskey H (1989) Neuropathologic correlates of leukoaraiosis. Arch Neurol 46: 1124–1128
Jarema M (1990) Neurologic changes in the white matter of the brain in dementia. Psychiatr Pol 24: 100–110
Jayakumar PN, Taly AB, Shanmugam V, Nagaraja D, Arya BY (1989) Multi-infarct dementia: a computed tomographic study. Acta Neurol Scand 79: 292–295
Jenkins BG, Koroshetz WJ, Flint BM, Rosen BR (1993) Evidence for impairment of energy metabolism in vivo in Huntington's disease using localised1H NMR spectroscopy. Neurology 43: 2689–2695
Jeste DV, Lohr JB, Goodwin FK (1988) Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 153: 444–459
Jobst KA, Smith AD, Szatmari M, Molyneux A, Esiri ME, King E, Smith A, Jaskowski A, McDonald B, Wald N (1992a) Detection in life of confirmed Alzheimer's disease using a simple measurement of medial temporal lobe atrophy by computed tomography. Lancet 340: 1179–1183
Jobst KA, Smith AD, Barker CS, Wear A, King EM, Smith A, Anslow PA, Molyneux AJ, Shepstone BJ, Soper N, Holmes KA, Robinson JR, Hope RA, Oppenheimer C, Brockbank K, McDonald B (1992b) Association of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe with reduced blood flow in the posterior parietotemporal cortex in patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 190–194
Jobst KA, Smith AD, Szatmari M, Esiri MM, Jaskowski A, Hindley N, McDonald B, Molyneux AJ (1994) Rapidly progressing atrophy of medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 343: 829–830
Johnstone EC, Owens DGC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Alexandropolis K, Bydder G, Colter N (1989) Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52: 736–741
Kato T, Takahashi S, Shioiri T, Inubushi T (1993) Alterations in brain phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder detected by in vivo31P and7Li magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Affect Disord 27: 53–60
Kato T, Takahashi S, Inubushi T (1994) Brain lithium concentration measured with lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a review. Lithium 5: 75–81
Kawamura J, Meyer JS, Terayama Y, Weathers S (1991a) Cerebral white matter perfusion in dementia of Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 5: 231–239
Kawamura J, Meyer JS, Terayama Y, Weathers S (1991b) Leukoaraiosis correlates with cerebral hypoperfusion in vascular dementia. Stroke 22: 609–614
Kawamura J, Meyer JS, Terayama Y, Weathers S (1992) Leukoaraiosis and cerebral hypoperfusion compared in elderly normals and Alzheimer's dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 40: 375–380
Kay DWK (1972) Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like states in the elderly. Br J Hosp Med Oct: 369–376
Kay DWK, Roth M (1961) Environmental and hereditary factors in the schizophrenia of old age (“late paraphrenia”) and their bearing on the general problem of causation in schizophrenia. J Ment Sci 107: 649–686
Kaye JA, Grady CL, Haxby JV, Moore A, Friedland RP (1990) Plasticity in the aging brain. Reversibility of anatomic, metabolic, and cognitive deficits in normal pressure hydrocephalus following shunt surgery. Arch Neurol 47: 1336–1341
Kellner CH, Rubinow DR, Post RM (1986) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in depression. J Affect Disord 10: 215–219
Kertesz A, Black SE, Tokar G, Benke T, Carr T, Nicholson L (1988) Periventricular and subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging — “rims, caps, and unidentified bright objects”. Arch Neurol 45: 404–408
Kesslak JP, Nalcioglu O, Cotman CW (1991) Quantification of magnetic resonance scans for hippocampal and parahippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41: 51–54
Killiany RJ, Moss MB, Albert MS, Sandor T, Tieman J, Jolesz F (1993) Temporal lobe regions on magnetic resonance imaging identify patients with early Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 50: 949–954
Kimura M, Tanaka A, Yoshinaga S (1992) Significance of periventricular hemodynamics in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 30: 701–704
Kirsch SJ, Jacobs RW, Butcher LL, Beatty J (1992) Prolongation of magnetic resonance T 2 time in hippocampus of human patients marks the presence and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 134: 187–190
Kloß TM, Maleßa R, Weiller C, Diener HC (1994) Vascular dementia in progress — a review on vascular dementia. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 62: 197–219
Kobari M, Meyer JS, Ichijo M (1990a) Leukoaraiosis, cerebral atrophy, and cerebral perfusion in normal aging. Arch Neurol 47: 161–165
Kobari M, Meyer JS, Ichijo M, Oravez WT (1990b) Leukoaraiosis: correlation of MR and CT findings with blood flow, atrophy, and cognition. AJNR 11: 273–281
Koshino Y, Murata T, Oomori M, Murata I, Horie T, Isaki K, Kimura H, Ishii Y (1992) In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult Down's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 32: 625–627
Kozachuk WE, DeCarli C, Schapiro MB, Wagner EE, Rapoport SI, Horwitz B (1990) White matter hyperintensities in dementia of Alzheimer's type and in healthy subjects without cerebrovascular risk factors. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 47: 1306–1310
Krishnan KR, Goli V, Ellinwood EH, France RD, Balzer DG, Nemeroff CB (1988) Leukoencephalopathy in patients diagnosed as major depressive. Biol Psychiatry 23: 519–522
Krishnan KRR (1993) Neuroanatomic substrates of depression in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol 6: 39–58
Krishnan KRR, McDonald WM, Doraiswamy PM, Tupler LA, Husain M, Boyko OB, Figiel GS, Ellinwood Jr EH (1993) Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 243: 41–46
Krull AJ, Press G, Dupont R, Harris MJ, Jeste DV (1991) Brain imaging in late-onset schizophrenia and related psychoses. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6: 651–658
Kumar A, Yousem D, Souder E, Miller D, Gottlieb G, Gur R, Alavi A (1992) High-intensity signals in Alzheimer's disease without cerebrovascular risk factors: a magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Am J Psychiatry 149: 248–250
Kwentus JA, Hart RP (1987) Normal pressure hydrocephalus presenting as mania. J Nerv Ment Dis 175: 500–502
Lang C, Herholz K, Huk W, Feistel H (1990) Die diagnostische Differenzierung dementieller Erkrankungen durch moderne bildgebende Verfahren. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 58: 380–398
Larson EB, Reifler BV, Sumi SM, Canfield CG, Chinn NM (1985) Diagnostic evaluation of 200 elderly outpatients with suspected dementia. J Gerontol 40: 536–543
Lechner H, Schmidt R, Goetz B (1990) Long-term experience of a trial in multi-infarct dementia. Neuroepidemiology 9: 228–232
LeMay M (1986) CT changes in dementing diseases: a review. AJNR 7: 841–853
Leon MJ de, George AE, Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Kluger A, Stylopoulos LA, Miller JD, La Regina ME, Chen C, Cohen J (1989) Alzheimer's disease: longitudinal CT studies of ventricular change. AJNR 10: 371–376
Lesser IM, Miller BL, Boone KB, Hill-Gutierrez E, Mehringer CM, Wong K, Mena I (1991) Brain injury and cognitive function in late-onset psychotic depression. J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 3: 33–40
Lesser IM, Jeste DV, Boone KB, Harris MJ, Miller BL, Heaton RK, Hill-Gutierrez E (1992) Late-onset psychotic disorder, not otherwise specified: clinical and neuroimaging findings. Biol Psychiatry 31: 419–423
Lesser IM, Hill-Gutierrez E, Miller BL, Boone KB (1993) Late-onset depression with white matter lesions. Psychosomatics 34: 364–367
Leys D, Soetart G, Petit H, Fauquette A, Pruvo JP, Steinling M (1990) Periventricular and white matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities do not differ between Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Arch Neurol 47: 524–527
Lhermitte J (1932) L'hallucinose pedonculaire. Encephale 27: 442
Liddle PF, Friston KJ, Frith CD, Hirsch SR, Jones T, Frackowiak RSJ (1992) Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 160: 179–186
Lim KO, Zipursky RB, Murphy Jr GM, Pfefferbaum A (1990) In vivo quantification of the limbic system using MRI: effects of normal aging. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 35: 15–26
Liston EH, La Rue A (1983) Clinical differentiation of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a critical review of the evidence, part II. Pathological studies. Biol Psychiatry 18: 1467–1484
Liu CK, Miller BL, Cummings JL, Mehringer CM, Goldberg MA, Howng SL, Benson DF (1992) A quantitative MRI study of vascular dementia. Neurology 42: 138–143
Liu HC, Tsou HK, Lin KN, Yan SH, Guo NW, Wang CL, Chiang BN (1991) Evaluation of 110 consecutive patients with dementias: a prospective study. Acta Neurol Scand 84: 421–425
Loeb C, Gandolfo C, Croce R, Conti M (1992) Dementia associated with lacunar infarction. Stroke 23: 1225–1229
Massman PJ, Delis DC, Butters N, Dupont RM, Gillin JC (1992) The subcortical dysfunction hypothesis of memory deficits in depression: neuropsychological validation in a subgroup of patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 14: 687–706
Masucci EF, Borts FT, Kurtze JF (1990) CT brainstem abnormalities in the differential diagnosis of Huntington's disease. Comput Med Graphics 14: 283–290
Matsuda M, Nakasu S, Nakazawa T, Handa J (1990) Cerebral hemodynamics in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus: correlation between cerebral circulation time and dementia. Surg Neurol 34: 396–401
Matsushita M, Kawasaki H, Wada Y, Otomo E (1990) The significance of cerebral white matter lesions in vascular dementia — from psychiatric aspects. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 30: 1351–1353
McDonald WM, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM, Figiel GS, Husain MM, Boyko OB, Heyman A (1991) Magnetic resonance findings in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 29: 799–810
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34: 939–944
Menon DK, Baudouin CJ, Tomlinson D, Hoyle C (1990) Proton MR spectroscopy and imaging of the brain in AIDS: evidence of neuronal loss in regions that appear normal with imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14: 882–885
Menon DK, Ainsworth JG, Cox U, Coker RC, Sargentoni J, Courts GA, Baudouin CJ, Kocsis AE, Harris JR (1992) Proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in AIDS dementia complex. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16: 538–542
Meyer JS, Kawamura J, Terayama Y (1992) White matter lesions in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 110: 1–7
Meyerhoff DJ, MacKay S, Bachman L, Poole N, Dillon WP, Weiner MW, Fein G (1993) Reduced brain N-acetyl-aspartate suggests neuronal loss in cognitively impaired human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals: in vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Neurology 43: 509–515
Mielke R, Herholz K, Grond M, Kessler J, Heiss WD (1992) Severity of vascular dementia is related to volume of metabolically impaired tissue. Arch Neurol 49: 909–913
Miller BL, Lesser IM (1988) Late-life psychosis and modern neuroimaging. Psychiatr Clin North Am 11: 33–46
Miller BL, Lesser IM, Boone K, Goldberg M, Hill E, Miller MH, Benson DF, Mehringer M (1989) Brain white-matter lesions and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 155: 73–78
Miller BL, Lesser IM, Boone KB, Hill E, Mehringer CM, Wong K (1991) Brain lesions and cognitive function in late-life psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 158: 76–82
Minshew NJ, Goldstein G, Dombrowski SM, Panchalingam K, Pettegrew JW (1993) A preliminary31P MRS study of autism: evidence for undersynthesis and increased degradation of brain membranes. Biol Psychiatry 33: 762–773
Mirsen TR, Lee DH, Wong CJ, Diaz JF, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, Merskey H (1991) Clinical correlates of white-matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. Arch Neurol 48: 1015–1021
Miyao S, Takano A, Teramoto J, Takahashi A (1992) Leukoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke 23: 1434–1438
Na C, Doraiswamy PM, Lee KH, Krishnan KRR (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging in biological psychiatry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 15: 581–593
Naguib M, Levy R (1987) Late paraphrenia: neuropsychological impairment and structural brain abnormalities on computed tomography. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2: 83–90
Naidich TP, Daniels D, Haughton VM, Williams A, Pojunas K, Palacios E (1987a) Hippocampal formation and related structures of the limbic lobe: anatomic-MR correlation, part I. Surface features and coronal sections. Radiology 162: 747–754
Naidich TP, Daniels DL, Haughton VM, Pech P, Williams A, Pojunas K, Palacios E (1987b) Hippocampal formation and related structures of the limbic lobe: anatomic-MR correlation, part II. Sagittal sections. Radiology 162: 755–761
Parnetti L, Mecocci P, Santucci C, Gaiti A, Petrine A, Longo A, Cadini D, Caputo N, Signorini E, Senin U (1990) Is multi-infarct dementia representative of vascular dementia? A retrospective study. Acta Neurol Scand 81: 484–487
Paulus W, Jellinger K (1991) The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50: 743–755
Pearlson GD, Garbacz D, Tompkins RH, Ahn HS, Rabins PV (1987) Lateral cerebral ventricular size in late-onset schizophrenia. In: Miller NE, Cohen GD (eds) Schizophrenia and aging. Guilford Press, New York London, pp 246–248
Pearlson GD, Rabins PV, Kim WS, Speedie LJ, Moberg PJ, Burns A, Bascom MJ (1989) Structural brain CT changes and cognitive deficits in elderly depressives with and without dementia. Psychol Med 19: 573–584
Pearlson GD, Rabins PV, Burns A (1991a) Centrum semiovale white matter CT changes associated with normal aging, Alzheimer's disease and late life depression with and without reversible dementia. Psychol Med 21: 321–328
Pearlson GD, Tune LE, Powers RE, Wong DF, Rabins PV, Barta PE (1991b) MRI and PET studies in late-life onset schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 4: 409–410
Pearlson GD, Harris GJ, Powers RE, Barta PE, Camargo EE, Chase GA, Noga JT, Tune LE (1992) Quantitative changes in mesial temporal volume, regional cerebral blood flow, and cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 402–408
Pettegrew JW, Withers G, Panchalingam K, Post JFM (1987)31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of brain in aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 24: 261–268
Pettegrew JW, Moossy J, Withers G, McKeag D, Panchalingam K (1988a)31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the brain in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47: 235–248
Pettegrew JW, Panchalingam K, Moossy J, Martinez J, Rao G, Boiler F (1988b) Correlation of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphologic findings in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 45: 1093–1096
Post F (1966) Persistent persecutory states of the elderly. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Press GA, Amaral DG, Squire LR (1989) Hippocampal abnormalities in amnesic patients revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Nature 341: 54–57
Prichard JW (1994) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of seizure states. Epilepsia 35 [Suppl 6]: S14-S20
Rabins PV, Pearlson GD, Jayarama G, Steele C, Tune L (1987) Increased ventricle-to-brain ratio in late-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 1216–1218
Rabins PV, Pearlson GD, Aylward E, Kumar AJ, Dowell K (1991) Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly patients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 14: 617–620
Rademacher J, Galaburda AM, Kennedy DN, Filipek PA, Caviness VS (1992) Human cerebral cortex: localization, parcellation, and morphometry with magnetic resonance imaging. J Cogn Neurosci 4: 352–374
Raine A, Lencz T, Reynolds GP, Harrison G, Sheard C, Medley I, Reynolds LM, Cooper JE (1992) An evaluation of structural and functional prefrontal deficits in schizophrenia: MRI and neuropsychological measures. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 45: 123–137
Rao SM, Mittenberg W, Bernardin L, Haughton V, Leo GI (1989) Neuropsychological test findings in subjects with leukoaraiosis. Arch Neurol 46: 40–44
Reifler BV, Larson E, Teri L, Poulsen M (1986) Dementia of the Alzheimer's type and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 34: 855–859
Reveley AM, Reveley MA (1983) Aqueduct stenosis and schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40: 521–532
Rizvi TA, Ennis M, Shipley MT (1992) Reciprocal connections between medial preoptic area and the midbrain periaqueductal gray in rat. A WGA-HRP and PHA-L study. J Comp Neurol 315: 1–15
Roberts MA, Caird FI (1990) The contribution of computerized tomography to the differential diagnosis of confusion in elderly patients. Age Ageing 19: 50–56
Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, Amaducci L, Orgogozo JM, Brun A, Hofman A, Moody DM, O'Brien MD, Yamaguchi T, Grafman J, Drayer ABP, Bennet DA, Fisher M, Ogata J, Kokmen E, Bermejo F, Wolf PA, Gorelick PB, Bick KL, Pajeau AK, Bell MA, DeCarli C, Culebras A, Korczyn D, Bogousslavsky J, Hartmann A, Scheinberg P (1993) Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 43: 250–260
Sandor T, Albert M, Stafford J, Harpley S (1988) Use of computerized CT analysis to discriminate between Alzheimer patients and normal control subjects. AJNR 9: 1181–1187
Sandor T, Jolesz F, Tieman J, Kikinis R, Jones K, Albert M (1992) Comparative analysis of computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans in Alzheimer patients and controls. Arch Neurol 49: 381–384
Sappey-Marinier D, Deicken RF, Fein G, Calabrese G, Hubesch B, Van Dyke C, Dillon WP, Davenport L, Meyerhoff DJ, Weiner MW (1992) Alterations in brain phosphorus metabolite concentrations associated with areas of high signal intensity in white matter at MR imaging. Radiology 183: 247–256
Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Valk J, Algra PR, van der Hoop RG, Nauta J, Wolters EC (1992) White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for heterogeneity. Brain 115: 735–748
Schmidt R (1992) Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and normal aging. Eur Neurol 32: 164–169
Segebarth C, Belle V, Delon C, Massarelli R, Decety J, le Bas JR, Decorps M, Benabid AL (1994) Functional MRI of the human brain: predominance of signals from extra-cerebral veins. NeuroReport 5: 813–816
Scidman LJ, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kremen WS, Woods BT, Goldstein JM, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT (1994) Relationship of prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures to neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 35: 235–246
Shah SA, Doraiswamy PM, Husain MM (1992) Posterior fossa abnormalities in major depression: a controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85: 474–479
Shelton RC, Weinberger DR (1987) Brain morphology in schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 773–781
Shiino A, Matsuda M, Morikawa S, Inubushi T, Akiguchi I, Handa J (1993) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy with dementia. Surg Neurol 39: 143–147
Shima S, Shikano T, Kitamura T, Masuda Y, Tsukumo T, Kanba S, Asai M (1984) Depression and ventricular enlargement. Acta Psychiatr Scand 70: 275–277
Simpson PE, Weiss JM (1988) Altered activity of the locus coeruleus in animal model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1: 287–295
Skolnick AA (1993) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may offer early look at HIV disease-mediated changes in brain. JAMA 269: 1084
Solsberg MD, Fournier D, Potis DG (1990) MR imaging of the excised human brainstem: a correlative neuroanatomical study. AJNR 11: 1003–1013
Squire LR, Amaral DG, Zola-Morgan S, Kritchevsky M, Press G (1989) Description of brain injury in the amnesic patient N.A. based on magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Neurol 105: 23–35
Starkstein SE, Robinson RG, Berthier L, Farikh RM, Price TR (1989) Mood changes after right-hemisphere lesions. Br J Psychiatry 155: 79–85
Starkstein SE, Cohen BS, Fedoroff P, Parish RM, Price TR, Robinson RG (1990a) Relationship between anxiety disorders and depressive disorders in patients with cerebrovascular injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 246–251
Starkstein SE, Mayberg HS, Berthier ML, Fedoroff P, Price TR, Dannais RF, Wagner HN, Leiguarda R, Robinson RG (1990b) Mania after brain injury: neuroradiological and metabolic findings. Ann Neurol 27: 652–659
Steingart A, Hachinski VC, Lau C, Fox AJ, Diaz F, Cape R, Lee D, Inzitari D, Merskey H (1987a) Cognitive and neurologic findings in subjects with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (Leuko-Araiosis) (I). Arch Neurol 44: 32–35
Steingart A, Hachinski VC, Lau C, Fox AJ, Rox H, Lee D, Inzitari D, Merskey H (1987b) Cognitive and neurologic findings in demented patients with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (Leuko-Araiosis) (II). Arch Neurol 44: 36–39
Stuckstedte H, Ulmar G, Abrahams CM, Egelhof E, Kohlmeyer K (1989) Leuko-Araiosis — Ein neuroradiologischer Beitrag zur Differentialdiagnose dementieller Prozesse im Alter? Akt Neurol 16: 120–124
Swayze VW, Andreasen NC, Alliger RJ, Yuh WTC, Ehrhardt JC (1992) Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 31: 221–240
Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Mayeux R, Paik M, Stern Y, Sano M, Remien RH, Williams JBW, Mohr JP, Hauser WA, Figueroa M (1992) Dementia after stroke: baseline frequency, risks, and clinical features in a hospitalized cohort. Neurology 42: 1185–1193
Taylor-Robinson SD, Weeks RA, Sargentoni J, Marcus CD, Bryant DJ, Harding AE, Brooks DJ (1994) Evidence for glutamate excitotoxicity in Huntington's disease with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 343: 1170
Terayama Y, Meyer JS, Kawamura J, Weathers S, Mortel KF (1992) Patterns of cerebral hypoperfusion compared among demented and nondemented patients with stroke. Stroke 23: 686–692
Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, Roth M (1970) Observations of the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 11: 205–242
Van Bogaert L (1927) L'hallucinose pedonculaire. Rev Neurol (Paris) 40: 417–423
Van Swieten JC, van den Hout JHW, van Ketel WA, Hijdra A, Wokke JHJ, van Gijn J (1991) Perivascular lesions in the white matter on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. Brain 114: 761–774
Verny M, Duyckaerts C, Pierot L, Hauw JJ (1991) Leuko-araiosis. Dev Neurosci 13: 245–250
Vion-Dury J, Meyerhoff DJ, Cozzone PJ, Weiner MW (1994) What might be the impact on neurology of the analysis of brain metabolism by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy? J Neurol 241: 354–371
Volkow ND, Wolf AP, Brodie JD, Cancro R, Overall JE, Rhoades H, Van Gelder P (1988) Brain interactions in chronic schizophrenics under resting and activation conditions. Schizophr Res 1: 47–53
Wahlund LO, Andersson-Lundman G, Julin P, Nordstrom M, Viitanen M, Saaf J (1992) Quantitative estimation of brain white matter abnormalities in elderly subjects using magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Res Imaging 10: 859–865
Waldo MC, Cawthra E, Adler LE, Dubester S, Staunton M, Nagamoto H, Baker N, Madison A, Simon J, Scherzinger A, Drebing C, Gerhardt G, Freedman R (1994) Auditory sensory gating, hippocampal volume, and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenics and their siblings. Schizophr Res 12: 93–106
Wallin A, Blennow K, Uhlemann C, Langstrom G, Gottfries CG (1989) White matter low attenuation on computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia-diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects. Acta Neurol Scand 80: 518–523
Weinberger DR (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 660–669
Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Suddath R, Torrey EF (1992) Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 149: 890–897
Weintraub S, Mesulam MM (1993) Four neuropsychological profiles in dementia. In: Boiler F, Spinnler H (eds) Handbook of neuropsychology, vol 8. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 253–282
Wurthmann C, Bogerts B, Höft B (1992) Hirnmorphologische Veränderungen bei Alters-depressionen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 117: 443–447
Yamashita K, Kobayashi S, Fukuda H, Koide H, Okada K, Tsunematsu T (1991) The relationship between cerebral white matter changes, mental function, and blood pressure in normal elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 28: 546–550
Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Yamaguchi S, Miyoshi T, Kimura J, Konishi J (1991) High-intensity area in the deep white matter indicating hemodynamic compromise in internal carotid artery occlusive disorders. Arch Neurol 48: 1067–1071
Yao H, Sadoshima S, Kuwabara Y, Ichiya Y, Fujishima M (1990) Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. Stroke 21: 1694–1699
Zimmerman RD, Fleming CA, Lee BCP, Saint-Lois LA, Deck MDF (1986) Periventricular hyperintensity as seen by magnetic resonance: prevalence and significance. AJNR 7: 13–20
Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR, Amaral DG (1989) Lesions of the hippocampal formation but not lesions of the fornix or the mamillary nuclei produce long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys. J Neurosci 9: 898–913
Zubenko GS, Sullivan P, Nelson JP, Belle SH, Huff J, Wolf GL (1990) Brain imaging abnormalities in mental disorders of late life. Arch Neurol 47: 1107–1111
Zweig RM, Ross CA, Hedreen B, Steele C, Cardillo JE, Whitehouse PJ, Folstein MF, Price DL (1988) The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 24: 233–242
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Becker, T., Retz, W., Hofmann, E. et al. Some methodological issues in neuroradiological research in psychiatry. J. Neural Transmission 99, 7–54 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271468
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271468
Keywords
- Computed tomography (CT)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- late-onset depression
- late-onset paranoid disorder
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
- normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
- primary degenerative dementia
- psychiatry
- ultrasound
- vascular dementia
- white matter hyperintensities