Abstract
Anatomical imaging in OCD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed since the late 1980s. MRI research was further stimulated with the advent of automated image processing techniques such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based methods (e.g., FreeSurfer) which allow for detailed whole-brain data analyses. Early studies suggesting involvement of corticostriatal circuitry (particularly orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum) have been complemented by meta-analyses and pooled analyses indicating additional involvement of posterior brain regions, in particular parietal cortex. Recent large-scale meta-analyses from the ENIGMA consortium have revealed greater pallidum and smaller hippocampus volume in adult OCD, coupled with parietal cortical thinning. Frontal cortical thinning was only observed in medicated patients. Previous reports of symptom dimension-specific alterations were not confirmed. In paediatric OCD, thalamus enlargement has been a consistent finding. Studies investigating white matter volume (VBM) or integrity (using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) have shown mixed results, with recent DTI meta-analyses mainly showing involvement of posterior cortical-subcortical tracts in addition to subcortical-prefrontal connections. To which extent these abnormalities are unique to OCD or common to other psychiatric disorders is unclear, as few comparative studies have been performed. Overall, neuroanatomical alterations in OCD appear to be subtle and may vary with time, stressing the need for adequately powered longitudinal studies. Although multivariate approaches using machine learning methodologies have so far been disappointing in distinguishing individual OCD patients from healthy controls, including multimodal data in such analyses may aid in further establishing a neurobiological profile of OCD.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams HH, Hibar DP, Chouraki V, Stein JL, Nyquist PA, RenterÃa ME, Trompet S, Arias-Vasquez A, Seshadri S, Desrivières S, Beecham AH, Jahanshad N, Wittfeld K, Van der Lee SJ, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beiser A, Bernard M, Bis JC, Blanken LM, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chauhan G, Chen Q, Ching CR, Cuellar-Partida G, Braber AD, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Filippi I, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Greven CU, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hilal S, Hofer E, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liao J, Liewald DC, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand A, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Mazoyer B, McKay DR, McWhirter R, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Muetzel RL, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, Loohuis LM, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pappa I, Pirpamer L, Pudas S, Pütz B, Rajan KB, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Thomson R, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MM, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TG, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Xu B, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Aggarwal NT, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Chen C, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Geus EJ, De Jager PL, de Zubicaray GI, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano AL, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Espeseth T, Evans DA, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HH, Grabe HJ, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Ikram MK, Jack CR Jr, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Longstreth WT Jr, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McMahon FJ, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BW, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schofield PR, Sigurdsson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Srikanth V, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Tiemeier H, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MC, Van der Brug M, Van der Lugt A, Van der Wee NJ, Van Duijn CM, Van Haren NE, Van T Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Veltman DJ, Vernooij MW, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke HR, Zonderman AB, Deary IJ, DeCarli C, Schmidt H, Martin NG, De Craen AJ, Wright MJ, Launer LJ, Schumann G, Fornage M, Franke B, Debette S, Medland SE, Ikram MA, Thompson PM (2016) Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association. Nat Neurosci 19(12):1569–1582. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4398. Epub 2016 Oct 3. PubMed PMID: 27694991; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5227112
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Publications, Washington, DC
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Publications, Washington, DC
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publications, Washington, DC
Ames D, Cummings JL, Wirshing WC, Quinn B, Mahler M (1994) Repetitive and compulsive behavior in frontal lobe degenerations. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6(2):100–113. Review. PubMed PMID: 8044031
Ashburner J, Friston KJ (2000) Voxel-based morphometry--the methods. NeuroImage 11(6 Pt 1):805–821. Review. PubMed PMID: 10860804
Askland KD, Garnaat S, Sibrava NJ, Boisseau CL, Strong D, Mancebo M, Greenberg B, Rasmussen S, Eisen J (2015) Prediction of remission in obsessive compulsive disorder using a novel machine learning strategy. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 24(2):156–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1463. Epub 2015 May 21. PubMed PMID: 25994109; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5466447
Aylward EH, Harris GJ, Hoehn-Saric R, Barta PE, Machlin SR, Pearlson GD (1996) Normal caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder assessed by quantitative neuroimaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(7):577–584. Review. PubMed PMID: 8660124.
Boedhoe PS, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Ameis SH, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Cheng Y, Cho KI, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Giménez M, Gruner P, Hanna GL, Hibar DP, Hoexter MQ, Hu H, Huyser C, Ikari K, Jahanshad N, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Marsh R, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minuzzi L, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Piras F, Piras F, Pittenger C, Reddy YC, Sato JR, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stevens MC, Szeszko PR, Tolin DF, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang Z, van Wingen GA, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao Q, ENIGMA OCD Working Group, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA (2017) Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: a worldwide meta- and mega-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 174(1):60–69. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201. Epub 2016 Sep 9. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 1;173(10):1049. Am J Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 1;174(2):190. PubMed PMID: 27609241; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5344782
Boedhoe PSW, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Ciullo V, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Fridgeirsson EA, Gruner P, Hanna GL, Hibar DP, Hoexter MQ, Hu H, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, James A, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Lochner C, Marsh R, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minuzzi L, Morer A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Nishida S, Nurmi E, O’Neill J, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Reddy YCJ, Reess TJ, Sakai Y, Sato JR, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stevens MC, Szeszko PR, Tolin DF, van Wingen GA, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang Z, Yun JY, ENIGMA-OCD Working Group, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA, ENIGMA OCD Working Group (2018) Cortical abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group. Am J Psychiatry 175(5):453–462. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050485. Epub 2017 Dec 15. PubMed PMID: 29377733; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7106947
Boedhoe PS, van Rooij D, Hoogman M, Twisk JW, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anikin A, Anticevic A, Aherson P, Arango C, Arnold PD, Assogna F, Auzias G, Banaschewski T, Baranov A, Batistuzzo MC, Baumeister S, Baur-Streubel R, Behrmann M, Bellgrove MA, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Biederman J, Bollettini I, Bose A, Bralten J, Bramati IE, Brandeis D, Brem S, Brennan BP, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Castellanos FX, Cercignani M, Chaim-Avancini TM, Chantiluke KC, Cheng Y, Cho KI, Christakou A, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Cubillo AI, Dale AM, Dallaspezia S, Daly E, Denys D, Deruelle C, Martino AD, Dinstein I, Doyle AE, Durston S, Earl EA, Ecker C, Ehrlich S, Ely BA, Epstein JN, Ethofer T, Fair DA, Fallgatter AJ, Faraone SV, Fedor J, Feng X, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald J, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche J, Freitag CM, Fridgeirsson EA, Frodl T, Gabel MC, Gallagher L, Gogberashvili T, Gori I, Gruner P, Gürsel DA, Haar S, Haavik J, Hall GB, Harrison NA, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Hirano Y, Hoekstra PJ, Hoexter MQ, Hohmann S, Høvik MF, Hu H, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, Jalbrzikowski M, James A, Janssen J, Jaspers-Fayer F, Jernigan TL, Kapilushniy D, Kardatzki B, Karkashadze G, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Kelly C, Khadka S, King JA, Koch K, Kohls G, Kohls K, Kuno M, Kuntsi J, Kvale G, Kwon JS, Lázaro L, Lera-Miguel S, Lesch K, Hoekstra L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Louza MR, Luna B, Lundervold AJ, Malpas CB, Marques P, Marsh R, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Mataix-Cols D, Mattos P, McCarthy H, McGrath J, Mehta MA, Menchón JM, Mennes M, Martinho MM, Moreira PS, Morer A, Morgado P, Muratori F, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Namazova-Baranova L, Narayanaswamy JC, Nicolau R, Nigg JT, Novotny SE, Nurmi EL, Weiss EO, O’Gorman Tuura RL, O’Hearn K, O’Neill J, Oosterlaan J, Oranje B, Paloyelis Y, Parellada M, Pauli P, Perriello C, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Plessen KJ, Puig O, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Janardhan Reddy Y, Reif A, Reneman L, Retico A, Rosa PG, Rubia K, Rus OG, Sakai Y, Schrantee A, Schwarz L, Schweren LJ, Seitz J, Shaw P, Shook D, Silk TJ, Simpson HB, Skokauskas N, Soliva Vila JC, Solovieva A, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stern ER, Stevens MC, Stewart SE, Sudre G, Szeszko PR, Tamm L, Taylor MJ, Tolin DF, Tosetti M, Tovar-Moll F, Tsuchiyagaito A, van Erp TG, van Wingen GA, Vance A, Venkatasubramanian G, Vilarroya O, Vives-Gilabert Y, von Polier GG, Walitza S, Wallace GL, Wang Z, Wolfers T, Yoncheva YN, Yun J, Zanetti MV, Zhou F, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Zwiers MP, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, Buitelaar J, Franke B, van den Heuvel OA (2020) Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness and cortical surface area across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – findings from the ENIGMA-ADHD, -ASD, and -OCD working groups. Am J Psychiatry 177:834–843
Bruin W, Denys D, van Wingen G (2019a) Diagnostic neuroimaging markers of obsessive-compulsive disorder: initial evidence from structural and functional MRI studies. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 91:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.005. Epub 2018 Aug 11. PubMed PMID: 30107192
Bruin WB, Taylor L, Thomas RM, Shock JP, Zhutovsky P, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, Arnold PD, Assogna F, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Boedhoe PSW, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Brennan BP, Buitelaar JK, Calvo R, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Ely BA, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche J-P, Fridgeirsson EA, Gruner P, Gürsel DA, Hauser TU, Hirano Y, Hoexter MQ, Hu H, Huyser C, Ivanov I, James A, Jaspers-Fayer F, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Kuno M, Kvale G, Kwon JS, Liu Y, Lochner C, Lázaro L, Marques P, Marsh R, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minuzzi L, Moreira PS, Morer A, Morgado P, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Nurmi EL, O’Neill J, Pariente JC, Perriello C, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Reddy YCJ, Rus-Oswald OG, Sakai Y, Sato JR, Schmaal L, Shimizu E, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stern ER, Stevens MC, Stewart SE, Szeszko PR, Tolin DF, Venkatasubramanian G, Wang Z, Yun J-Y, van Rooij D, ENIGMA-OCD Consortium, Thompson PM, van den Heuvel OA, Stein DJ, van Wingen GA (2019b) Structural neuroimaging biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder in the ENIGMA-OCD consortium: medication matters. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/19012567
Button KS, Ioannidis JP, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J, Robinson ES, Munafò MR (2013) Empirical evidence for low reproducibility indicates low pre-study odds. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(12):877. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475-c6. Epub 2013 Oct 23. PubMed PMID: 24149186
Cannistraro PA, Makris N, Howard JD, Wedig MM, Hodge SM, Wilhelm S, Kennedy DN, Rauch SL (2007) A diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 24(6):440–446. PubMed PMID: 17096398
Cheng B, Huang X, Li S, Hu X, Luo Y, Wang X, Yang X, Qiu C, Yang Y, Zhang W, Bi F, Roberts N, Gong Q (2015) Gray matter alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 9:219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00219. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26347628; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4542504
Chung S, Wang X, Lui YW (2017) Influence of T1-weighted signal intensity on FSL voxel-based morphometry and FreeSurfer cortical thickness. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38(4):726–728. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5053. Epub 2016 Dec 29. PubMed PMID: 28034997; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5389905
de Wit SJ, Alonso P, Schweren L, Mataix-Cols D, Lochner C, Menchón JM, Stein DJ, Fouche JP, Soriano-Mas C, Sato JR, Hoexter MQ, Denys D, Nakamae T, Nishida S, Kwon JS, Jang JH, Busatto GF, Cardoner N, Cath DC, Fukui K, Jung WH, Kim SN, Miguel EC, Narumoto J, Phillips ML, Pujol J, Remijnse PL, Sakai Y, Shin NY, Yamada K, Veltman DJ, van den Heuvel OA (2014) Multicenter voxel-based morphometry mega-analysis of structural brain scans in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 171(3):340–349. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040574. PMID: 24220667
Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, Hyman BT, Albert MS, Killiany RJ (2006) An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage 31(3):968–980. Epub 2006 Mar 10. PubMed PMID: 16530430
Eng GK, Sim K, Chen SH (2015) Meta-analytic investigations of structural grey matter, executive domain-related functional activations, and white matter diffusivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: an integrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 52:233–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 Mar 10. PMID: 25766413
Fallucca E, MacMaster FP, Haddad J, Easter P, Dick R, May G, Stanley JA, Rix C, Rosenberg DR (2011) Distinguishing between major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children by measuring regional cortical thickness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(5):527–533. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.36. PubMed PMID: 21536980; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4777351
Fouche JP, du Plessis S, Hattingh C, Roos A, Lochner C, Soriano-Mas C, Sato JR, Nakamae T, Nishida S, Kwon JS, Jung WH, Mataix-Cols D, Hoexter MQ, Alonso P, OCD Brain Imaging Consortium, de Wit SJ, Veltman DJ, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA (2017) Cortical thickness in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multisite mega-analysis of 780 brain scans from six centres. Br J Psychiatry 210(1):67–74. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.164020. Epub 2016 May 19. PubMed PMID: 27198485
Gilbert AR, Moore GJ, Keshavan MS, Paulson LA, Narula V, Mac Master FP, Stewart CM, Rosenberg DR (2000) Decrease in thalamic volumes of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are taking paroxetine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(5):449–456. PubMed PMID: 10807485
Gillan CM, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW (2017) A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 47(9):1528–1548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002786. Epub 2017 Mar 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 28343453; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5964477
Gong Q, Scarpazza C, Dai J, He M, Xu X, Shi Y, Zhou B, Vieira S, McCrory E, Ai Y, Yang C, Zhang F, Lui S, Mechelli A (2019) A transdiagnostic neuroanatomical signature of psychiatric illness. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(5):869–875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0175-9. Epub 2018 Aug 8. PubMed PMID: 30127342; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6461829
Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RN, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (2001) A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage 14(1 Pt 1):21–36. PubMed PMID: 11525331
Goodkind M, Eickhoff SB, Oathes DJ, Jiang Y, Chang A, Jones-Hagata LB, Ortega BN, Zaiko YV, Roach EL, Korgaonkar MS, Grieve SM, Galatzer-Levy I, Fox PT, Etkin A (2015) Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness. JAMA Psychiat 72(4):305–315. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206. PubMed PMID: 25651064; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4791058
Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter JN, Colodro-Conde L, Bralten J, Hibar DP, Lind PA, Pizzagalli F, Ching CRK, McMahon MAB, Shatokhina N, Zsembik LCP, Thomopoulos SI, Zhu AH, Strike LT, Agartz I, Alhusaini S, Almeida MAA, Alnæs D, Amlien IK, Andersson M, Ard T, Armstrong NJ, Ashley-Koch A, Atkins JR, Bernard M, Brouwer RM, Buimer EEL, Bülow R, Bürger C, Cannon DM, Chakravarty M, Chen Q, Cheung JW, Couvy-Duchesne B, Dale AM, Dalvie S, de Araujo TK, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, den Braber A, Doan NT, Dohm K, Ehrlich S, Engelbrecht HR, Erk S, Fan CC, Fedko IO, Foley SF, Ford JM, Fukunaga M, Garrett ME, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Green MJ, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gurholt TP, Gutman BA, Hansell NK, Harris MA, Harrison MB, Haswell CC, Hauser M, Herms S, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho NF, Hoehn D, Hoffmann P, Holleran L, Hoogman M, Hottenga JJ, Ikeda M, Janowitz D, Jansen IE, Jia T, Jockwitz C, Kanai R, Karama S, Kasperaviciute D, Kaufmann T, Kelly S, Kikuchi M, Klein M, Knapp M, Knodt AR, Krämer B, Lam M, Lancaster TM, Lee PH, Lett TA, Lewis LB, Lopes-Cendes I, Luciano M, Macciardi F, Marquand AF, Mathias SR, Melzer TR, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moreira JCV, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Najt P, Nakahara S, Nho K, Olde Loohuis LM, Orfanos DP, Pearson JF, Pitcher TL, Pütz B, Quidé Y, Ragothaman A, Rashid FM, Reay WR, Redlich R, Reinbold CS, Repple J, Richard G, Riedel BC, Risacher SL, Rocha CS, Mota NR, Salminen L, Saremi A, Saykin AJ, Schlag F, Schmaal L, Schofield PR, Secolin R, Shapland CY, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Sønderby IE, Sprooten E, Tansey KE, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Turner JA, Uhlmann A, Vallerga CL, van der Meer D, van Donkelaar MMJ, van Eijk L, van Erp TGM, van Haren NEM, van Rooij D, van Tol MJ, Veldink JH, Verhoef E, Walton E, Wang M, Wang Y, Wardlaw JM, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Witt SH, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Wu JQ, Yasuda CL, Zaremba D, Zhang Z, Zwiers MP, Artiges E, Assareh AA, Ayesa-Arriola R, Belger A, Brandt CL, Brown GG, Cichon S, Curran JE, Davies GE, Degenhardt F, Dennis MF, Dietsche B, Djurovic S, Doherty CP, Espiritu R, Garijo D, Gil Y, Gowland PA, Green RC, Häusler AN, Heindel W, Ho BC, Hoffmann WU, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Jack CR Jr, Jang M, Jansen A, Kimbrel NA, Kolskår K, Koops S, Krug A, Lim KO, Luykx JJ, Mathalon DH, Mather KA, Mattay VS, Matthews S, Mayoral Van Son J, McEwen SC, Melle I, Morris DW, Mueller BA, Nauck M, Nordvik JE, Nöthen MM, O’Leary DS, Opel N, Martinot MP, Pike GB, Preda A, Quinlan EB, Rasser PE, Ratnakar V, Reppermund S, Steen VM, Tooney PA, Torres FR, Veltman DJ, Voyvodic JT, Whelan R, White T, Yamamori H, Adams HHH, Bis JC, Debette S, Decarli C, Fornage M, Gudnason V, Hofer E, Ikram MA, Launer L, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Mazoyer B, Mosley TH, Roshchupkin GV, Satizabal CL, Schmidt R, Seshadri S, Yang Q, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, CHARGE Consortium, EPIGEN Consortium, IMAGEN Consortium, SYS Consortium, Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative, Alvim MKM, Ames D, Anderson TJ, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vasquez A, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Beckham JC, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bustillo JR, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calhoun V, Carr VJ, Caseras X, Caspers S, Cavalleri GL, Cendes F, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Dalrymple-Alford JC, Dannlowski U, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Delanty N, Depondt C, Desrivières S, Donohoe G, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Flor H, Forstner AJ, Francks C, Franke B, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Håberg AK, Hariri AR, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Heinz A, Henskens FA, Hillegers MHJ, Hoekstra PJ, Holmes AJ, Hong LE, Hopkins WD, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jernigan TL, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy MA, Kircher TTJ, Kochunov P, Kwok JBJ, Le Hellard S, Loughland CM, Martin NG, Martinot JL, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Michie PT, Morey RA, Mowry B, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pantelis C, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Polderman TJC, Posthuma D, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Rowland LM, Sachdev PS, Sämann PG, Schall U, Schumann G, Scott RJ, Sim K, Sisodiya SM, Smoller JW, Sommer IE, St Pourcain B, Stein DJ, Toga AW, Trollor JN, Van der Wee NJA, van 't Ent D, Völzke H, Walter H, Weber B, Weinberger DR, Wright MJ, Zhou J, Stein JL, Thompson PM, Medland SE, Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis Consortium (ENIGMA)—Genetics working group (2020) The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science 367(6484). pii: eaay6690. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6690. PubMed PMID: 32193296
Grimm O, Pohlack S, Cacciaglia R, Winkelmann T, Plichta MM, Demirakca T, Flor H (2015) Amygdalar and hippocampal volume: a comparison between manual segmentation, Freesurfer and VBM. J Neurosci Methods 253:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.05.024. Epub 2015 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 26057114
Guadalupe T, Mathias SR, van Erp TGM, Whelan CD, Zwiers MP, Abe Y, Abramovic L, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vásquez A, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Arolt V, Artiges E, Ayesa-Arriola R, Baboyan VG, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Blangero J, Bokde ALW, Boedhoe PSW, Bose A, Brem S, Brodaty H, Bromberg U, Brooks S, Büchel C, Buitelaar J, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cattrell A, Cheng Y, Conrod PJ, Conzelmann A, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Crivello F, Dannlowski U, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Deary IJ, Desrivières S, Doan NT, Donohoe G, Dørum ES, Ehrlich S, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Flor H, Fouche JP, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gill M, Suarez AG, Gowland P, Grabe HJ, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Hagenaars S, Hashimoto R, Hauser TU, Heinz A, Hibar DP, Hoekstra PJ, Hoogman M, Howells FM, Hu H, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Ittermann B, Jahanshad N, Jönsson EG, Jurk S, Kahn RS, Kelly S, Kraemer B, Kugel H, Kwon JS, Lemaitre H, Lesch KP, Lochner C, Luciano M, Marquand AF, Martin NG, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Martinot JL, Mataix-Cols D, Mather K, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Menchón JM, Morris DW, Mothersill O, Maniega SM, Mwangi B, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswaamy JC, Nees F, Nordvik JE, Onnink AMH, Opel N, Ophoff R, Paillère Martinot ML, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Pauli P, Paus T, Poustka L, Reddy JY, Renteria ME, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Roos A, Royle NA, Sachdev P, Sánchez-Juan P, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shumskaya E, Smolka MN, Soares JC, Soriano-Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Toro R, Turner JA, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Uhlmann A, Hernández MV, van den Heuvel OA, van der Meer D, van Haren NEM, Veltman DJ, Venkatasubramanian G, Vetter NC, Vuletic D, Walitza S, Walter H, Walton E, Wang Z, Wardlaw J, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan R, Wittfeld K, Wolfers T, Wright MJ, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao J, Franke B, Thompson PM, Glahn DC, Mazoyer B, Fisher SE, Francks C (2017) Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex. Brain Imaging Behav 11(5):1497–1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z. PubMed PMID: 27738994; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5540813
Harries MD, Chamberlain SR, Redden SA, Odlaug BL, Blum AW, Grant JE (2017) A structural MRI study of excoriation (skin-picking) disorder and its relationship to clinical severity. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 269:26–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.006. Epub 2017 Sep 8. PubMed PMID: 28918268; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5604737
Harrison BJ, Soriano-Mas C, Pujol J, Ortiz H, López-Solà M, Hernández-Ribas R, Deus J, Alonso P, Yücel M, Pantelis C, Menchon JM, Cardoner N (2009) Altered corticostriatal functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(11):1189–1200. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.152. PubMed PMID: 19884607
Hazari N, Narayanaswamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G (2019) Neuroimaging findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a narrative review to elucidate neurobiological underpinnings. Indian J Psychiatry 61(Suppl 1):S9–S29. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_525_18. Review. PubMed PMID: 30745673; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6343409
Hibar DP, Stein JL, Renteria ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Desrivières S, Jahanshad N, Toro R, Wittfeld K, Abramovic L, Andersson M, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Bernard M, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brown AA, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q, Ching CR, Cuellar-Partida G, den Braber A, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Grimm O, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Woldehawariat G, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Olde Loohuis LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Milaneschi Y, Nho K, Papmeyer M, Ramasamy A, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rose EJ, Salami A, Sämann PG, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shin J, Strike LT, Teumer A, van Donkelaar MM, van Eijk KR, Walters RK, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Winkler AM, Zwiers MP, Alhusaini S, Athanasiu L, Ehrlich S, Hakobjan MM, Hartberg CB, Haukvik UK, Heister AJ, Hoehn D, Kasperaviciute D, Liewald DC, Lopez LM, Makkinje RR, Matarin M, Naber MA, McKay DR, Needham M, Nugent AC, Pütz B, Royle NA, Shen L, Sprooten E, Trabzuni D, van der Marel SS, van Hulzen KJ, Walton E, Wolf C, Almasy L, Ames D, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Bastin ME, Brodaty H, Bulayeva KB, Carless MA, Cichon S, Corvin A, Curran JE, Czisch M, de Zubicaray GI, Dillman A, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Göring HH, Green RC, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hartman CA, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Ikeda M, Jack CR Jr, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Kanai R, Keil M, Kent JW Jr, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Liu X, Longo DL, McMahon KL, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Mostert JC, Mühleisen TW, Nalls MA, Nichols TE, Nilsson LG, Nöthen MM, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Perez-Iglesias R, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Reinvang I, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rosen GD, Rujescu D, Schnell K, Schofield PR, Smith C, Steen VM, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Valdés Hernández MC, van 't Ent D, van der Brug M, van der Wee NJ, van Tol MJ, Veltman DJ, Wassink TH, Westman E, Zielke RH, Zonderman AB, Ashbrook DG, Hager R, Lu L, McMahon FJ, Morris DW, Williams RW, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cavalleri GL, Crespo-Facorro B, Dale AM, Davies GE, Delanty N, Depondt C, Djurovic S, Drevets WC, Espeseth T, Gollub RL, Ho BC, Hoffmann W, Hosten N, Kahn RS, Le Hellard S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Müller-Myhsok B, Nauck M, Nyberg L, Pandolfo M, Penninx BW, Roffman JL, Sisodiya SM, Smoller JW, van Bokhoven H, van Haren NE, Völzke H, Walter H, Weiner MW, Wen W, White T, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brouwer RM, Cannon DM, Cookson MR, de Geus EJ, Deary IJ, Donohoe G, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Francks C, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Hardy J, Hashimoto R, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jönsson EG, Kloszewska I, Lovestone S, Mattay VS, Mecocci P, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Ophoff RA, Paus T, Pausova Z, Ryten M, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Simmons A, Singleton A, Soininen H, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Adams HH, Launer LJ, Seiler S, Schmidt R, Chauhan G, Satizabal CL, Becker JT, Yanek L, van der Lee SJ, Ebling M, Fischl B, Longstreth WT Jr, Greve D, Schmidt H, Nyquist P, Vinke LN, van Duijn CM, Xue L, Mazoyer B, Bis JC, Gudnason V, Seshadri S, Ikram MA, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, CHARGE Consortium, EPIGEN, IMAGEN, SYS, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Schumann G, Franke B, Thompson PM, Medland SE (2015) Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures. Nature 520(7546):224–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14101. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PubMed PMID: 25607358; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4393366
Hibar DP, Westlye LT, van Erp TG, Rasmussen J, Leonardo CD, Faskowitz J, Haukvik UK, Hartberg CB, Doan NT, Agartz I, Dale AM, Gruber O, Krämer B, Trost S, Liberg B, Abé C, Ekman CJ, Ingvar M, Landén M, Fears SC, Freimer NB, Bearden CE, Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar Endophenotypes, Sprooten E, Glahn DC, Pearlson GD, Emsell L, Kenney J, Scanlon C, McDonald C, Cannon DM, Almeida J, Versace A, Caseras X, Lawrence NS, Phillips ML, Dima D, Delvecchio G, Frangou S, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf D, Houenou J, Henry C, Malt UF, Bøen E, Elvsåshagen T, Young AH, Lloyd AJ, Goodwin GM, Mackay CE, Bourne C, Bilderbeck A, Abramovic L, Boks MP, van Haren NE, Ophoff RA, Kahn RS, Bauer M, Pfennig A, Alda M, Hajek T, Mwangi B, Soares JC, Nickson T, Dimitrova R, Sussmann JE, Hagenaars S, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA (2016) Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 21(12):1710–1716. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.227. Epub 2016 Feb 9. PubMed PMID: 26857596; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5116479
Hibar DP, Westlye LT, Doan NT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, Ching CRK, Versace A, Bilderbeck AC, Uhlmann A, Mwangi B, Krämer B, Overs B, Hartberg CB, Abé C, Dima D, Grotegerd D, Sprooten E, Bøen E, Jimenez E, Howells FM, Delvecchio G, Temmingh H, Starke J, Almeida JRC, Goikolea JM, Houenou J, Beard LM, Rauer L, Abramovic L, Bonnin M, Ponteduro MF, Keil M, Rive MM, Yao N, Yalin N, Najt P, Rosa PG, Redlich R, Trost S, Hagenaars S, Fears SC, Alonso-Lana S, van Erp TGM, Nickson T, Chaim-Avancini TM, Meier TB, Elvsåshagen T, Haukvik UK, Lee WH, Schene AH, Lloyd AJ, Young AH, Nugent A, Dale AM, Pfennig A, McIntosh AM, Lafer B, Baune BT, Ekman CJ, Zarate CA, Bearden CE, Henry C, Simhandl C, McDonald C, Bourne C, Stein DJ, Wolf DH, Cannon DM, Glahn DC, Veltman DJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Vieta E, Canales-Rodriguez EJ, Nery FG, Duran FLS, Busatto GF, Roberts G, Pearlson GD, Goodwin GM, Kugel H, Whalley HC, Ruhe HG, Soares JC, Fullerton JM, Rybakowski JK, Savitz J, Chaim KT, Fatjó-Vilas M, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Boks MP, Zanetti MV, Otaduy MCG, Schaufelberger MS, Alda M, Ingvar M, Phillips ML, Kempton MJ, Bauer M, Landén M, Lawrence NS, van Haren NEM, Horn NR, Freimer NB, Gruber O, Schofield PR, Mitchell PB, Kahn RS, Lenroot R, Machado-Vieira R, Ophoff RA, Sarró S, Frangou S, Satterthwaite TD, Hajek T, Dannlowski U, Malt UF, Arolt V, Gattaz WF, Drevets WC, Caseras X, Agartz I, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA (2018) Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 23(4):932–942. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.73. Epub 2017 May 2. PubMed PMID: 28461699; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5668195
Hirose M, Hirano Y, Nemoto K, Sutoh C, Asano K, Miyata H, Matsumoto J, Nakazato M, Matsumoto K, Masuda Y, Iyo M, Shimizu E, Nakagawa A (2017) Relationship between symptom dimensions and brain morphology in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 11(5):1326–1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9611-9. PubMed PMID: 27730476
Hoexter MQ, Miguel EC, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Busatto GF, Sato JR (2013) Predicting obsessive-compulsive disorder severity combining neuroimaging and machine learning methods. J Affect Disord 150(3):1213–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.041. Epub 2013 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 23769292
Hoexter MQ, Diniz JB, Lopes AC, Batistuzzo MC, Shavitt RG, Dougherty DD, Duran FL, Bressan RA, Busatto GF, Miguel EC, Sato JR (2015) Orbitofrontal thickness as a measure for treatment response prediction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 32(12):900–908. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22380. Epub 2015 May 29. PubMed PMID: 26032588
Hu X, Liu Q, Li B, Tang W, Sun H, Li F, Yang Y, Gong Q, Huang X (2016) Multivariate pattern analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder using structural neuroanatomy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 26(2):246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.014. Epub 2015 Dec 11. PubMed PMID: 26708318
Hu X, Du M, Chen L, Li L, Zhou M, Zhang L, Liu Q, Lu L, Mreedha K, Huang X, Gong Q (2017) Meta-analytic investigations of common and distinct grey matter alterations in youths and adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 78:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 Apr 23. Review. PubMed PMID: 28442404
Isobe M, Redden SA, Keuthen NJ, Stein DJ, Lochner C, Grant JE, Chamberlain SR (2018) Striatal abnormalities in trichotillomania: a multi-site MRI analysis. Neuroimage Clin 17:893–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.031. Epub 2017 Dec 22. PubMed PMID: 29515968; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5836997
Kim JJ, Lee MC, Kim J, Kim IY, Kim SI, Han MH, Chang KH, Kwon JS (2001) Grey matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: statistical parametric mapping of segmented magnetic resonance images. Br J Psychiatry 179:330–334. PubMed PMID: 11581113
Kochunov P et al (2020) ENIGMA-DTI: translating reproducible white matter deficits into personalized vulnerability metrics in cross-diagnostic psychiatric research. Hum Brain Mapp. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24998
Kong XZ, Mathias SR, Guadalupe T, ENIGMA Laterality Working Group, Glahn DC, Franke B, Crivello F, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Fisher SE, Thompson PM, Francks C (2018) Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(22):E5154–E5163. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718418115. Epub 2018 May 15. PubMed PMID: 29764998; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5984496
Kubota Y, Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Yoshimura S, Sawada R, Sakihama M, Toichi M (2016) Putamen volume correlates with obsessive compulsive characteristics in healthy population. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 249:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.014. Epub 2016 Jan 25. PubMed PMID: 26849956
Kwon JS, Shin YW, Kim CW, Kim YI, Youn T, Han MH, Chang KH, Kim JJ (2003) Similarity and disparity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in MR volumetric abnormalities of the hippocampus-amygdala complex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(7):962–964. PubMed PMID: 12810792; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1738533
Lázaro L, Ortiz AG, Calvo A, Ortiz AE, Moreno E, Morer A, Calvo R, Bargallo N (2014) White matter structural alterations in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: relation to symptom dimensions. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 54:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.06.009. Epub 2014 Jun 28. PubMed PMID: 24977330
Logue MW, van Rooij SJH, Dennis EL, Davis SL, Hayes JP, Stevens JS, Densmore M, Haswell CC, Ipser J, Koch SBJ, Korgaonkar M, Lebois LAM, Peverill M, Baker JT, Boedhoe PSW, Frijling JL, Gruber SA, Harpaz-Rotem I, Jahanshad N, Koopowitz S, Levy I, Nawijn L, O’Connor L, Olff M, Salat DH, Sheridan MA, Spielberg JM, van Zuiden M, Winternitz SR, Wolff JD, Wolf EJ, Wang X, Wrocklage K, Abdallah CG, Bryant RA, Geuze E, Jovanovic T, Kaufman ML, King AP, Krystal JH, Lagopoulos J, Bennett M, Lanius R, Liberzon I, McGlinchey RE, McLaughlin KA, Milberg WP, Miller MW, Ressler KJ, Veltman DJ, Stein DJ, Thomaes K, Thompson PM, Morey RA (2018) Smaller hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: a multisite ENIGMA-PGC study: subcortical volumetry results from posttraumatic stress disorder consortia. Biol Psychiatry 83(3):244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.006. Epub 2017 Sep 20. PubMed PMID: 29217296; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5951719
Madsen SK, Zai A, Pirnia T, Arienzo D, Zhan L, Moody TD, Thompson PM, Feusner JD (2015) Cortical thickness and brain volumetric analysis in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res 232(1):115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 25797401; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4404218
Mataix-Cols D, Wooderson S, Lawrence N, Brammer MJ, Speckens A, Phillips ML (2004) Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(6):564–576. PubMed PMID: 15184236
Menzies L, Williams GB, Chamberlain SR, Ooi C, Fineberg N, Suckling J, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET (2008) White matter abnormalities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their first-degree relatives. Am J Psychiatry 165(10):1308–1315. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101677. Epub 2008 Jun 2. PubMed PMID: 18519525
Norman LJ, Carlisi C, Lukito S, Hart H, Mataix-Cols D, Radua J, Rubia K (2016) Structural and functional brain abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparative meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 73(8):815–825. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0700. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 1;74(10):1079. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 1;75(3):303. PubMed PMID: 27276220
Okada K, Nakao T, Sanematsu H, Murayama K, Honda S, Tomita M, Togao O, Yoshiura T, Kanba S (2015) Biological heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study based on dimensional assessment. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 69(7):411–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12269. Epub 2015 Feb 9. PubMed PMID: 25556718
Park SE, Jeong GW (2015) Cerebral white matter volume changes in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 69(11):717–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12317. Epub 2015 Jun 26. PubMed PMID: 25966931
Picó-Pérez M, Moreira PS, de Melo Ferreira V, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Sousa N, Soriano-Mas C, Morgado P (2020) Modality-specific overlaps in brain structure and function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multimodal meta-analysis of case-control MRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 112:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.033. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 32006553
Piras F, Piras F, Abe Y, Agarwal SM, Anticevic A, Ameis S, Arnold P, Bargalló N, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke J, Boedhoe PS, Bollettini I, Brem S, Calvo A, Kevin Cho KI, Dallaspezia S, Dickie E, Ely BA, Fan S, Fouche J, Gruner P, Gürsel DA, Hauser T, Hirano Y, Hoexter MQ, Iorio M, James A, Reddy J, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Kochunov P, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Lochner C, Marsh R, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Narayanaswamy JC, Sakai Y, Shimizu E, Simon D, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Stämpfli P, Stern ER, Szeszko P, Takahashi J, Venkatasubramanian G, Wang Z, Yun J, Stein DJ, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, van den Heuvel OA, Spalletta G (2019) White matter microstructure and its relation to clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA OCD Working Group. bioRxiv:855916. https://doi.org/10.1101/855916
Pitman RK, Rasmusson AM, Koenen KC, Shin LM, Orr SP, Gilbertson MW, Milad MR, Liberzon I (2012) Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(11):769–787. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3339. Epub 2012 Oct 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 23047775; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4951157
Pujol J, Soriano-Mas C, Alonso P, Cardoner N, Menchón JM, Deus J, Vallejo J (2004) Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(7):720–730. PubMed PMID: 15237084
Pujol J, Soriano-Mas C, Gispert JD, Bossa M, Reig S, Ortiz H, Alonso P, Cardoner N, López-Solà M, Harrison BJ, Deus J, Menchón JM, Desco M, Olmos S (2011) Variations in the shape of the frontobasal brain region in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 32(7):1100–1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21094. Epub 2010 Jul 6. PubMed PMID: 20607751
Quidé Y, Witteveen AB, El-Hage W, Veltman DJ, Olff M (2012) Differences between effects of psychological versus pharmacological treatments on functional and morphological brain alterations in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(1):626–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.09.004. Epub 2011 Sep 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 21963442
Radua J, Mataix-Cols D (2009) Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 195(5):393–402. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046. Review. PubMed PMID: 19880927
Radua J, van den Heuvel OA, Surguladze S, Mataix-Cols D (2010) Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(7):701–711. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70. PubMed PMID: 20603451
Radua J, Grau M, van den Heuvel OA, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Stein DJ, Canales-RodrÃguez EJ, Catani M, Mataix-Cols D (2014) Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of white matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 39(7):1547–1557. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.5. Epub 2014 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 24407265; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4023155
Robinson D, Wu H, Munne RA, Ashtari M, Alvir JM, Lerner G, Koreen A, Cole K, Bogerts B (1995) Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52(5):393–398. PubMed PMID: 7726720
Rosenberg DR, Keshavan MS, O’Hearn KM, Dick EL, Bagwell WW, Seymour AB, Montrose DM, Pierri JN, Birmaher B (1997) Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(9):824–830
Rosenberg DR, Benazon NR, Gilbert A, Sullivan A, Moore GJ (2000) Thalamic volume in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients before and after cognitive behavioral therapy. Biol Psychiatry 48(4):294–300. Erratum in: Biol Psychiatry 2001 Aug 15;50(4):312. PubMed PMID: 10960160
Rotge JY, Langbour N, Guehl D, Bioulac B, Jaafari N, Allard M, Aouizerate B, Burbaud P (2010) Gray matter alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an anatomic likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 35(3):686–691. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.175. Epub 2009 Nov 4. PubMed PMID: 19890260; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3055616
Rus OG, Reess TJ, Wagner G, Zaudig M, Zimmer C, Koch K (2017) Structural alterations in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a surface-based analysis of cortical volume, surface area and thickness. J Psychiatry Neurosci 42(6):395–403. PubMed PMID: 28832321; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5662461
Satizabal CL, Adams HHH, Hibar DP, White CC, Knol MJ, Stein JL, Scholz M, Sargurupremraj M, Jahanshad N, Roshchupkin GV, Smith AV, Bis JC, Jian X, Luciano M, Hofer E, Teumer A, van der Lee SJ, Yang J, Yanek LR, Lee TV, Li S, Hu Y, Koh JY, Eicher JD, Desrivières S, Arias-Vasquez A, Chauhan G, Athanasiu L, RenterÃa ME, Kim S, Hoehn D, Armstrong NJ, Chen Q, Holmes AJ, den Braber A, Kloszewska I, Andersson M, Espeseth T, Grimm O, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Milaneschi Y, Papmeyer M, Axelsson T, Ehrlich S, Roiz-Santiañez R, Kraemer B, HÃ¥berg AK, Jones HJ, Pike GB, Stein DJ, Stevens A, Bralten J, Vernooij MW, Harris TB, Filippi I, Witte AV, Guadalupe T, Wittfeld K, Mosley TH, Becker JT, Doan NT, Hagenaars SP, Saba Y, Cuellar-Partida G, Amin N, Hilal S, Nho K, Mirza-Schreiber N, Arfanakis K, Becker DM, Ames D, Goldman AL, Lee PH, Boomsma DI, Lovestone S, Giddaluru S, Le Hellard S, Mattheisen M, Bohlken MM, Kasperaviciute D, Schmaal L, Lawrie SM, Agartz I, Walton E, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Davies GE, Shin J, Ipser JC, Vinke LN, Hoogman M, Jia T, Burkhardt R, Klein M, Crivello F, Janowitz D, Carmichael O, Haukvik UK, Aribisala BS, Schmidt H, Strike LT, Cheng CY, Risacher SL, Pütz B, Fleischman DA, Assareh AA, Mattay VS, Buckner RL, Mecocci P, Dale AM, Cichon S, Boks MP, Matarin M, Penninx BWJH, Calhoun VD, Chakravarty MM, Marquand AF, Macare C, Kharabian Masouleh S, Oosterlaan J, Amouyel P, Hegenscheid K, Rotter JI, Schork AJ, Liewald DCM, de Zubicaray GI, Wong TY, Shen L, Sämann PG, Brodaty H, Roffman JL, de Geus EJC, Tsolaki M, Erk S, van Eijk KR, Cavalleri GL, van der Wee NJA, McIntosh AM, Gollub RL, Bulayeva KB, Bernard M, Richards JS, Himali JJ, Loeffler M, Rommelse N, Hoffmann W, Westlye LT, Valdés Hernández MC, Hansell NK, van Erp TGM, Wolf C, Kwok JBJ, Vellas B, Heinz A, Olde Loohuis LM, Delanty N, Ho BC, Ching CRK, Shumskaya E, Singh B, Hofman A, van der Meer D, Homuth G, Psaty BM, Bastin ME, Montgomery GW, Foroud TM, Reppermund S, Hottenga JJ, Simmons A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Cahn W, Whelan CD, van Donkelaar MMJ, Yang Q, Hosten N, Green RC, Thalamuthu A, Mohnke S, Hulshoff Pol HE, Lin H, Jack CR Jr, Schofield PR, Mühleisen TW, Maillard P, Potkin SG, Wen W, Fletcher E, Toga AW, Gruber O, Huentelman M, Davey Smith G, Launer LJ, Nyberg L, Jönsson EG, Crespo-Facorro B, Koen N, Greve DN, Uitterlinden AG, Weinberger DR, Steen VM, Fedko IO, Groenewold NA, Niessen WJ, Toro R, Tzourio C, Longstreth WT Jr, Ikram MK, Smoller JW, van Tol MJ, Sussmann JE, Paus T, Lemaître H, Schroeter ML, Mazoyer B, Andreassen OA, Holsboer F, Depondt C, Veltman DJ, Turner JA, Pausova Z, Schumann G, van Rooij D, Djurovic S, Deary IJ, McMahon KL, Müller-Myhsok B, Brouwer RM, Soininen H, Pandolfo M, Wassink TH, Cheung JW, Wolfers T, Martinot JL, Zwiers MP, Nauck M, Melle I, Martin NG, Kanai R, Westman E, Kahn RS, Sisodiya SM, White T, Saremi A, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, Völzke H, Wright MJ, van 't Ent D, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Buitelaar JK, Fernández G, Sachdev PS, Rietschel M, van Haren NEM, Fisher SE, Beiser AS, Francks C, Saykin AJ, Mather KA, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Hartman CA, DeStefano AL, Heslenfeld DJ, Weiner MW, Walter H, Hoekstra PJ, Nyquist PA, Franke B, Bennett DA, Grabe HJ, Johnson AD, Chen C, van Duijn CM, Lopez OL, Fornage M, Wardlaw JM, Schmidt R, DeCarli C, De Jager PL, Villringer A, Debette S, Gudnason V, Medland SE, Shulman JM, Thompson PM, Seshadri S, Ikram MA (2019) Genetic architecture of subcortical brain structures in 38,851 individuals. Nat Genet 51(11):1624–1636. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0511-y. Epub 2019 Oct 21. PubMed PMID: 31636452; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7055269
Saxena S, Brody AL, Schwartz JM, Baxter LR (1998) Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 35):26–37. Review. PubMed PMID: 9829024
Schmaal L, Veltman DJ, van Erp TG, Sämann PG, Frodl T, Jahanshad N, Loehrer E, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Block A, Hegenscheid K, Völzke H, Hoehn D, Czisch M, Lagopoulos J, Hatton SN, Hickie IB, Goya-Maldonado R, Krämer B, Gruber O, Couvy-Duchesne B, RenterÃa ME, Strike LT, Mills NT, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Wright MJ, Hall GB, MacQueen GM, Frey EM, Carballedo A, van Velzen LS, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Veer IM, Walter H, Schnell K, Schramm E, Normann C, Schoepf D, Konrad C, Zurowski B, Nickson T, McIntosh AM, Papmeyer M, Whalley HC, Sussmann JE, Godlewska BR, Cowen PJ, Fischer FH, Rose M, Penninx BW, Thompson PM, Hibar DP (2016) Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group. Mol Psychiatry 21(6):806–812. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.69. Epub 2015 Jun 30. PubMed PMID: 26122586; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4879183
Schmaal L, Hibar DP, Sämann PG, Hall GB, Baune BT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, van Erp TGM, Bos D, Ikram MA, Vernooij MW, Niessen WJ, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Janowitz D, Bülow R, Selonke M, Völzke H, Grotegerd D, Dannlowski U, Arolt V, Opel N, Heindel W, Kugel H, Hoehn D, Czisch M, Couvy-Duchesne B, RenterÃa ME, Strike LT, Wright MJ, Mills NT, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Goya-Maldonado R, Gruber O, Krämer B, Hatton SN, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Frodl T, Carballedo A, Frey EM, van Velzen LS, Penninx BWJH, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Davey CG, Harrison BJ, Mwangi B, Cao B, Soares JC, Veer IM, Walter H, Schoepf D, Zurowski B, Konrad C, Schramm E, Normann C, Schnell K, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH, MacQueen GM, Godlewska BR, Nickson T, McIntosh AM, Papmeyer M, Whalley HC, Hall J, Sussmann JE, Li M, Walter M, Aftanas L, Brack I, Bokhan NA, Thompson PM, Veltman DJ (2017) Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 22(6):900–909. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.60. Epub 2016 May 3. PubMed PMID: 27137745; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5444023
Shim G, Jung WH, Choi JS, Jung MH, Jang JH, Park JY, Choi CH, Kang DH, Kwon JS (2009) Reduced cortical folding of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 34(6):443–449. PubMed PMID: 19949720; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2783435
Simpson HB, van den Heuvel OA, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Stein DJ, Lewis-Fernández R, Shavitt RG, Lochner C, Pouwels PJW, Narayanawamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G, Hezel DM, Vriend C, Batistuzzo MC, Hoexter MQ, de Joode NT, Costa DL, de Mathis MA, Sheshachala K, Narayan M, van Balkom AJLM, Batelaan NM, Venkataram S, Cherian A, Marincowitz C, Pannekoek N, Stovezky YR, Mare K, Liu F, Otaduy MCG, Pastorello B, Rao R, Katechis M, Van Meter P, Wall M (2020) Toward identifying reproducible brain signatures of obsessive-compulsive profiles: rationale and methods for a new global initiative. BMC Psychiatry 20(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2439-2. PubMed PMID: 32059696; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7023814
Stein DJ, Coetzer R, Lee M, Davids B, Bouwer C (1997) Magnetic resonance brain imaging in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Psychiatry Res 74(3):177–182. PubMed PMID: 9255863
Stein JL, Medland SE, Vasquez AA, Hibar DP, Senstad RE, Winkler AM, Toro R, Appel K, Bartecek R, Bergmann Ø, Bernard M, Brown AA, Cannon DM, Chakravarty MM, Christoforou A, Domin M, Grimm O, Hollinshead M, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Langan C, Lopez LM, Hansell NK, Hwang KS, Kim S, Laje G, Lee PH, Liu X, Loth E, Lourdusamy A, Mattingsdal M, Mohnke S, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, O’Brien C, Papmeyer M, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Rasmussen J, Rijpkema M, Risacher SL, Roddey JC, Rose EJ, Ryten M, Shen L, Sprooten E, Strengman E, Teumer A, Trabzuni D, Turner J, van Eijk K, van Erp TG, van Tol MJ, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Woudstra S, Aleman A, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Binder EB, Brohawn DG, Cantor RM, Carless MA, Corvin A, Czisch M, Curran JE, Davies G, de Almeida MA, Delanty N, Depondt C, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Fagerness J, Fox PT, Freimer NB, Gill M, Göring HH, Hagler DJ, Hoehn D, Holsboer F, Hoogman M, Hosten N, Jahanshad N, Johnson MP, Kasperaviciute D, Kent JW Jr, Kochunov P, Lancaster JL, Lawrie SM, Liewald DC, Mandl R, Matarin M, Mattheisen M, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Moses EK, Mühleisen TW, Nauck M, Nöthen MM, Olvera RL, Pandolfo M, Pike GB, Puls R, Reinvang I, RenterÃa ME, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Royle NA, Rujescu D, Savitz J, Schnack HG, Schnell K, Seiferth N, Smith C, Steen VM, Valdés Hernández MC, Van den Heuvel M, van der Wee NJ, Van Haren NE, Veltman JA, Völzke H, Walker R, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Agartz I, Boomsma DI, Cavalleri GL, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Drevets WC, Hagoort P, Hall J, Heinz A, Jack CR Jr, Foroud TM, Le Hellard S, Macciardi F, Montgomery GW, Poline JB, Porteous DJ, Sisodiya SM, Starr JM, Sussmann J, Toga AW, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Weiner MW, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, EPIGEN Consortium, IMAGEN Consortium, Saguenay Youth Study Group, Bis JC, Ikram MA, Smith AV, Gudnason V, Tzourio C, Vernooij MW, Launer LJ, DeCarli C, Seshadri S, Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium, Andreassen OA, Apostolova LG, Bastin ME, Blangero J, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Cichon S, Coppola G, de Zubicaray GI, Deary IJ, Donohoe G, de Geus EJ, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Hardy J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jenkinson M, Kahn RS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Morris DW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nichols TE, Ophoff RA, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BW, Potkin SG, Sämann PG, Saykin AJ, Schumann G, Smoller JW, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Martin NG, Franke B, Wright MJ, Thompson PM, Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis Consortium (2012) Identification of common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes. Nat Genet 44(5):552–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2250. PubMed PMID: 22504417; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3635491
Suñol M, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Picó-Pérez M, López-Solà C, Real E, Fullana MÀ, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Menchón JM, Alonso P, Soriano-Mas C (2020) Differential patterns of brain activation between hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder during executive performance. Psychol Med 50(4):666–673. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000515. Epub 2019 Mar 25. PubMed PMID: 30907337
Szeszko PR, Robinson D, Alvir JM, Bilder RM, Lencz T, Ashtari M, Wu H, Bogerts B (1999) Orbital frontal and amygdala volume reductions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(10):913–919. PubMed PMID: 10530633
Szeszko PR, Ardekani BA, Ashtari M, Malhotra AK, Robinson DG, Bilder RM, Lim KO (2005) White matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(7):782–790. PubMed PMID: 15997020
Szeszko PR, Christian C, Macmaster F, Lencz T, Mirza Y, Taormina SP, Easter P, Rose M, Michalopoulou GA, Rosenberg DR (2008) Gray matter structural alterations in psychotropic drug-naive pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study. Am J Psychiatry 165(10):1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010033. Epub 2008 Apr 15. PubMed PMID: 18413702
Thobois S, Jouanneau E, Bouvard M, Sindou M (2004) Obsessive-compulsive disorder after unilateral caudate nucleus bleeding. Acta Neurochir 146(9):1027–1031; discussion 1031. Epub 2004 Jul 9. PubMed PMID: 15340815
Thompson PM, Stein JL, Medland SE, Hibar DP, Vasquez AA, Renteria ME, Toro R, Jahanshad N, Schumann G, Franke B, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Agartz I, Alda M, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Almeida J, Alpert K, Andreasen NC, Andreassen OA, Apostolova LG, Appel K, Armstrong NJ, Aribisala B, Bastin ME, Bauer M, Bearden CE, Bergmann O, Binder EB, Blangero J, Bockholt HJ, Bøen E, Bois C, Boomsma DI, Booth T, Bowman IJ, Bralten J, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Brohawn DG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar J, Bulayeva K, Bustillo JR, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cantor RM, Carless MA, Caseras X, Cavalleri GL, Chakravarty MM, Chang KD, Ching CR, Christoforou A, Cichon S, Clark VP, Conrod P, Coppola G, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Deary IJ, de Geus EJ, den Braber A, Delvecchio G, Depondt C, de Haan L, de Zubicaray GI, Dima D, Dimitrova R, Djurovic S, Dong H, Donohoe G, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Ehrlich S, Ekman CJ, Elvsåshagen T, Emsell L, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fagerness J, Fears S, Fedko I, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Foroud T, Fox PT, Francks C, Frangou S, Frey EM, Frodl T, Frouin V, Garavan H, Giddaluru S, Glahn DC, Godlewska B, Goldstein RZ, Gollub RL, Grabe HJ, Grimm O, Gruber O, Guadalupe T, Gur RE, Gur RC, Göring HH, Hagenaars S, Hajek T, Hall GB, Hall J, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hass J, Hatton SN, Haukvik UK, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Hickie IB, Ho BC, Hoehn D, Hoekstra PJ, Hollinshead M, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hoogman M, Hong LE, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hwang KS, Jack CR Jr, Jenkinson M, Johnston C, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kasperaviciute D, Kelly S, Kim S, Kochunov P, Koenders L, Krämer B, Kwok JB, Lagopoulos J, Laje G, Landen M, Landman BA, Lauriello J, Lawrie SM, Lee PH, Le Hellard S, Lemaître H, Leonardo CD, Li CS, Liberg B, Liewald DC, Liu X, Lopez LM, Loth E, Lourdusamy A, Luciano M, Macciardi F, Machielsen MW, Macqueen GM, Malt UF, Mandl R, Manoach DS, Martinot JL, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Milaneschi Y, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Moses EK, Mueller BA, Muñoz Maniega S, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Mwangi B, Nauck M, Nho K, Nichols TE, Nilsson LG, Nugent AC, Nyberg L, Olvera RL, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou M, Papmeyer M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Pearlson GD, Penninx BW, Peterson CP, Pfennig A, Phillips M, Pike GB, Poline JB, Potkin SG, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Rasmussen J, Rietschel M, Rijpkema M, Risacher SL, Roffman JL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rujescu D, Ryten M, Sachdev PS, Salami A, Satterthwaite TD, Savitz J, Saykin AJ, Scanlon C, Schmaal L, Schnack HG, Schork AJ, Schulz SC, Schür R, Seidman L, Shen L, Shoemaker JM, Simmons A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soares JC, Sponheim SR, Sprooten E, Starr JM, Steen VM, Strakowski S, Strike L, Sussmann J, Sämann PG, Teumer A, Toga AW, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Trabzuni D, Trost S, Turner J, Van den Heuvel M, van der Wee NJ, van Eijk K, van Erp TG, van Haren NE, van 't Ent D, van Tol MJ, Valdés Hernández MC, Veltman DJ, Versace A, Völzke H, Walker R, Walter H, Wang L, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whalley HC, Whelan CD, White T, Winkler AM, Wittfeld K, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Zilles D, Zwiers MP, Thalamuthu A, Schofield PR, Freimer NB, Lawrence NS, Drevets W, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, EPIGEN Consortium, IMAGEN Consortium, Saguenay Youth Study (SYS) Group (2014) The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data. Brain Imaging Behav 8(2):153–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-013-9269-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 24399358; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4008818
Thompson PM, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vasquez A, Bearden CE, Boedhoe PS, Brouwer RM, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cannon DM, Cohen RA, Conrod PJ, Dale AM, Deary IJ, Dennis EL, de Reus MA, Desrivieres S, Dima D, Donohoe G, Fisher SE, Fouche JP, Francks C, Frangou S, Franke B, Ganjgahi H, Garavan H, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Guadalupe T, Gutman BA, Hashimoto R, Hibar DP, Holland D, Hoogman M, Pol HEH, Hosten N, Jahanshad N, Kelly S, Kochunov P, Kremen WS, Lee PH, Mackey S, Martin NG, Mazoyer B, McDonald C, Medland SE, Morey RA, Nichols TE, Paus T, Pausova Z, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shen L, Sisodiya SM, Smit DJA, Smoller JW, Stein DJ, Stein JL, Toro R, Turner JA, van den Heuvel MP, van den Heuvel OL, van Erp TGM, van Rooij D, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Wang Y, Wardlaw JM, Whelan CD, Wright MJ, Ye J, ENIGMA Consortium (2017) ENIGMA and the individual: predicting factors that affect the brain in 35 countries worldwide. Neuroimage 145(Pt B):389–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.057. Epub 2015 Dec 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 26658930; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4893347
Thorsen AL, Kvale G, Hansen B, van den Heuvel OA (2018) Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder as predictors of neurobiology and treatment response. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry 5(1):182–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-018-0142-4. Epub 2018 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 30237966; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6141210
van den Heuvel OA, Remijnse PL, Mataix-Cols D, Vrenken H, Groenewegen HJ, Uylings HB, van Balkom AJ, Veltman DJ (2009) The major symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder are mediated by partially distinct neural systems. Brain 132(Pt 4):853–868. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn267. Epub 2008 Oct 24. PubMed PMID: 18952675
van den Heuvel OA, Boedhoe PSW, Bertolin S, Bruin WB, Francks C, Ivanov I, Jahanshad N, Kong XZ, Kwon JS, O’Neill J, Paus T, Patel Y, Piras F, Schmaal L, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, van Wingen GA, Yun JY, Vriend C, Simpson HB, van Rooij D, Hoexter MQ, Hoogman M, Buitelaar JK, Arnold P, Beucke JC, Benedetti F, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brennan BP, De Nadai AS, Fitzgerald K, Gruner P, Grünblatt E, Hirano Y, Huyser C, James A, Koch K, Kvale G, Lazaro L, Lochner C, Marsh R, Mataix-Cols D, Morgado P, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Nurmi E, Pittenger C, Reddy YCJ, Sato JR, Soreni N, Stewart SE, Taylor SF, Tolin D, Thomopoulos SI, Veltman DJ, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang Z, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, ENIGMA-OCD Working Group (2020) An overview of the first 5 years of the ENIGMA obsessive-compulsive disorder working group: the power of worldwide collaboration. Hum Brain Mapp. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24972. [Epub ahead of print]. Review. PubMed PMID: 32154629
van Erp TG, Hibar DP, Rasmussen JM, Glahn DC, Pearlson GD, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Westlye LT, Haukvik UK, Dale AM, Melle I, Hartberg CB, Gruber O, Kraemer B, Zilles D, Donohoe G, Kelly S, McDonald C, Morris DW, Cannon DM, Corvin A, Machielsen MW, Koenders L, de Haan L, Veltman DJ, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Gur RC, Gur RE, Potkin SG, Mathalon DH, Mueller BA, Preda A, Macciardi F, Ehrlich S, Walton E, Hass J, Calhoun VD, Bockholt HJ, Sponheim SR, Shoemaker JM, van Haren NE, Pol HE, Ophoff RA, Kahn RS, Roiz-Santiañez R, Crespo-Facorro B, Wang L, Alpert KI, Jönsson EG, Dimitrova R, Bois C, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM, Hashimoto R, Thompson PM, Turner JA (2016) Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Mol Psychiatry 21(4):585. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.118. Epub 2015 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 26283641; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5751698
van Erp TGM, Walton E, Hibar DP, Schmaal L, Jiang W, Glahn DC, Pearlson GD, Yao N, Fukunaga M, Hashimoto R, Okada N, Yamamori H, Bustillo JR, Clark VP, Agartz I, Mueller BA, Cahn W, de Zwarte SMC, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, van Haren NEM, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Doan NT, Gurholt TP, Hartberg CB, Haukvik UK, Jørgensen KN, Lagerberg TV, Melle I, Westlye LT, Gruber O, Kraemer B, Richter A, Zilles D, Calhoun VD, Crespo-Facorro B, Roiz-Santiañez R, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Loughland C, Carr VJ, Catts S, Cropley VL, Fullerton JM, Green MJ, Henskens FA, Jablensky A, Lenroot RK, Mowry BJ, Michie PT, Pantelis C, Quidé Y, Schall U, Scott RJ, Cairns MJ, Seal M, Tooney PA, Rasser PE, Cooper G, Shannon Weickert C, Weickert TW, Morris DW, Hong E, Kochunov P, Beard LM, Gur RE, Gur RC, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Belger A, Brown GG, Ford JM, Macciardi F, Mathalon DH, O’Leary DS, Potkin SG, Preda A, Voyvodic J, Lim KO, McEwen S, Yang F, Tan Y, Tan S, Wang Z, Fan F, Chen J, Xiang H, Tang S, Guo H, Wan P, Wei D, Bockholt HJ, Ehrlich S, Wolthusen RPF, King MD, Shoemaker JM, Sponheim SR, De Haan L, Koenders L, Machielsen MW, van Amelsvoort T, Veltman DJ, Assogna F, Banaj N, de Rossi P, Iorio M, Piras F, Spalletta G, McKenna PJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Salvador R, Corvin A, Donohoe G, Kelly S, Whelan CD, Dickie EW, Rotenberg D, Voineskos AN, Ciufolini S, Radua J, Dazzan P, Murray R, Reis Marques T, Simmons A, Borgwardt S, Egloff L, Harrisberger F, Riecher-Rössler A, Smieskova R, Alpert KI, Wang L, Jönsson EG, Koops S, Sommer IEC, Bertolino A, Bonvino A, Di Giorgio A, Neilson E, Mayer AR, Stephen JM, Kwon JS, Yun JY, Cannon DM, McDonald C, Lebedeva I, Tomyshev AS, Akhadov T, Kaleda V, Fatouros-Bergman H, Flyckt L, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project, Busatto GF, Rosa PGP, Serpa MH, Zanetti MV, Hoschl C, Skoch A, Spaniel F, Tomecek D, Hagenaars SP, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, Lawrie SM, Knöchel C, Oertel-Knöchel V, Stäblein M, Howells FM, Stein DJ, Temmingh HS, Uhlmann A, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Dima D, McMahon A, Faskowitz JI, Gutman BA, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Turner JA (2018) Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with Schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. Biol Psychiatry 84(9):644–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.023. Epub 2018 May 14. PubMed PMID: 29960671; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6177304
Winkler AM, Kochunov P, Blangero J, Almasy L, Zilles K, Fox PT, Duggirala R, Glahn DC (2010) Cortical thickness or grey matter volume? The importance of selecting the phenotype for imaging genetics studies. NeuroImage 53(3):1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.028. Epub 2009 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 20006715; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2891595
Wonderlick JS, Ziegler DA, Hosseini-Varnamkhasti P, Locascio JJ, Bakkour A, van der Kouwe A, Triantafyllou C, Corkin S, Dickerson BC (2009) Reliability of MRI-derived cortical and subcortical morphometric measures: effects of pulse sequence, voxel geometry, and parallel imaging. NeuroImage 44(4):1324–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.037. Epub 2008 Nov 7. PubMed PMID: 19038349; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2739882
Yang X, Hu X, Tang W, Li B, Yang Y, Gong Q, Huang X (2019) Multivariate classification of drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and healthy controls by applying an SVM to resting-state functional MRI data. BMC Psychiatry 19(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2184-6. PubMed PMID: 31277632; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6612132
Yun JY, Boedhoe PSW, Vriend C, Jahanshad N, Abe Y, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Ciullo V, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Feusner JD, Fouche JP, Giménez M, Gruner P, Hibar DP, Hoexter MQ, Hu H, Huyser C, Ikari K, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Lazaro L, Lochner C, Marques P, Marsh R, MartÃnez-ZalacaÃn I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minuzzi L, Morgado P, Moreira P, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Nurmi EL, O’Neill J, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Reddy YCJ, Sato JR, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stevens MC, Szeszko PR, Tolin DF, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang Z, van Wingen GA, Xu J, Xu X, Zhao Q, ENIGMA-OCD Working Group, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA, Kwon JS (2020) Brain structural covariance networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a graph analysis from the ENIGMA Consortium. Brain 143(2):684–700. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa001. PubMed PMID: 32040561; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7009583
Zarei M, Mataix-Cols D, Heyman I, Hough M, Doherty J, Burge L, Winmill L, Nijhawan S, Matthews PM, James A (2011) Changes in gray matter volume and white matter microstructure in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 70(11):1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.032. Epub 2011 Sep 8. PubMed PMID: 21903200
Zhang L, Hu X, Lu L, Li B, Hu X, Bu X, Li H, Tang S, Yang Y, Roberts N, Sweeney JA, Gong Q, Huang X (2019) Abnormalities of hippocampal shape and subfield volumes in medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 40(14):4105–4113. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24688. Epub 2019 Jun 12. PubMed PMID: 31188536
Zhou C, Cheng Y, Ping L, Xu J, Shen Z, Jiang L, Shi L, Yang S, Lu Y, Xu X (2018a) Support vector machine classification of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on whole-brain volumetry and diffusion tensor imaging. Front Psych 9:524. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00524. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 30405461; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6206075
Zhou C, Xu J, Ping L, Zhang F, Chen W, Shen Z, Jiang L, Xu X, Cheng Y (2018b) Cortical thickness and white matter integrity abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a combined multimodal surface-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics study. Depress Anxiety 35(8):742–751. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22758. Epub 2018 May 7. PubMed PMID: 29734487
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Veltman, D.J. (2021). Structural Imaging in OCD. In: Fineberg, N.A., Robbins, T.W. (eds) The Neurobiology and Treatment of OCD: Accelerating Progress. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2020_209
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2020_209
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-75392-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-75393-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)