Abstract
Relatively little research in community psychology has explicitly focused on groups whose world views, values, and practices diverge from mainstream North American and social science culture. Furthermore, when research does include members of subcultural groups, the same research methodologies used to stydy mainstream populations tend to be employed. In the current article, it is proposed that a linked ethnographic—empirical methodology is critical for culturally anchored research of rarely studied subcultures which differ markedly form the dominant culture. The use of a linked ethnographic—empirical methodology in the study of a nontraditional religious subculture is described, and the study's primary findings summarized. Respective and combined contributions of the ethnographic and empirical (i.e., quantitative) research components in seven key areas are discussed: (a) selection of phenomenon to study; (b) generation of hypotheses; (c) culturally anchored measure development; (d) sampling; (e) analyses; (f) interpretation of findings; and (g) social action. Limitations of the linked methodology are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berry, J. W. (1980). Introduction to Methodology. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.),Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol. 2. Methodology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Denzin, N. K. (1989).The research act (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Fetterman, D. M. (1989).Ethnography: Step by step (Vol. 17, Applied Social Research Methods Series). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Geertz, C. (1973).The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Gilligan, C. (1982).In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L.(1967).The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
Helms, J. E. (1992). Why there is no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing.American Psychologist, 47, 1083–1101.
Howard, G. S. (1991). Culture tales: A narrative approach to thinking, cross-cultural psychology, and psychotherapy.American Psychologist, 46, 187–197.
Jahoda, G. (1982).Psychology and anthropology: A Psychological perspective. London: Academic Press.
James, W. (1982).The varieties of religious experience. London: Penguin. (Original work published 1902).
Jorgensen, D. L. (1982). The esoteric community: An ethnographic investigation of the cultic milieu.Urban Life, 10, 383–407.
Jorgensen, D. L. (1989).Participant observation: A methodology for human studies (Vol. 15, Applied Social Research Methods Series). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Jules-Rosette, B. (1975).African apostles. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Kagitcibasi, C., & Berry, J. W. (1983). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends.Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 493–531.
Leary, T. (1957).Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald.
Levine, M., & Perkins, D. V. (1987).Principles of community psychology: Perspectives and applications. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985).Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Maton, K. I. (1981).Empowerment in a religious setting: An exploratory study. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Maton, K. I. (1985). Economic sharing among members of a religious fellowship: Patterns and psychological correlates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Maton, K. I. (1989a). The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospective investigations.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 310–323.
Maton, K. I. (1989b). Community settings as buffers of life stress? Highly supportive churches, mutual help groups, and senior centers.American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 203–232.
Maton, K. I. (in press). Religion as a community resource for well-being: Prevention, healing, and empowerment pathways.Journal of Social Issues.
Maton, K. I., & Pargament, K. I. (1987). Roles of religion in prevention and promotion. In L. A. Jason, R. D. Felner, R. Hess, & J. N. Moritsugu (Eds.),Prevention: Toward a multidisciplinary approach (pp. 161–206). New York: Haworth.
Maton, K. I., & Pargament, K. I. (Eds.). (1991).Religion and prevention in mental health: Community intervention. New York: Haworth.
Maton, K. I., & Rappaport, J. (1984). Empowerment in a religious setting: A multivariate investigation.Prevention in Human Services, 3, 37–72.
Peshkin, A. (1986).God's choice: The total world of a fundamentalist Christian school. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rappaport, J., & Simkins, R. (1991). Healing and empowering through community narrative. In K. I. Maton & K. I. Pargament (Eds.),Religion and prevention in mental health: Community intervention (pp. 29–50). New York: Haworth.
Rose, J. D. (1974).Introduction to sociology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W., & Poortinga, Y. H. (1990).Human behavior in global perspective: An introduction to cross-cultural psychology. New York: Pergamon.
Seidman, E. (1983). Unexamined premises of social problem-solving. In E. Seidman (Ed.),Handbook of social intervention. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Serpell, R. (1990). Audience, culture and psychological explanation: A reformulation of the emic-etic problem in cross-cultural psychology.The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 12, 99–132.
Shweder, R. A. (1990). Cultural psychology, what is it? In J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder, & G. Herdt (Eds.).Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 1–43). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Slaughter-Defoe, D. T., Nakagawa, K., Takanishi, R., & Johnson, D. J. (1990). Toward cultural/ecological perspectives on schooling and achievement in African- and Asian-American children.Child Development, 61, 363–383.
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990).Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Trend, M. G. (1978). On the reconciliation of qualitative and quantitative analyses: A case study.Human Organization, 37, 345–364.
Triandis, T. C. (1972).The analysis of subjective culture. New York: Wiley.
Vega, W. A. (1987). Theoretical and pragmatic implications of cultural diversity for community research.American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 375–392.
Whitehead, H. (1987).Renunciation and reformulation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Williams, M. D. (1974).Community in a black Pentecostal church: An anthropological study. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The author thanks Julian Rappaport, Chris Murphy, Robert Serpell, three anonymous reviewers, and the editors of the special issue for their valuable feedback.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maton, K.I. A bridge between cultures: Linked ethnographic-empirical methodology for culture anchored research. Am J Commun Psychol 21, 747–773 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00942246
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00942246