References
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1978).Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
Centre for the Study of Aging and Human Development. (1978).Multidimensional functional assessment: The OARS methodology, a manual (2nd ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cohen, L. H. (Ed.). (1988).Life events and psychological functioning: Theoretical and methodological issues. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Depue, R. A., & Monroe, S. M. (1986). Conceptualization and measurement of human disorder in life stress research: The problem of chronic disturbance.Psychological Bulletin, 99, 36–51.
Dohrenwend, B. P., & Shrout, P. E. (1985). “Hassles” in the conceptualization and measurement of life stress variables.American Psychologist, 40, 770–779.
Dohrenwend, B. S., Dohrenwend, B. P., Dodson, M., & Shrout, P. E. (1984). Symptoms, hassles, social supports and life events: Problems of confounded measures.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 222–230.
French, S. L., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (1990). Relating life events and well-being in elderly samples: Problems of instrumentation and experimental design. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (1985).Personality factors and adjustment in older adults: A multivariate approach. Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Queen's University.
Maddi, S. R., Bartone, P. T., & Puccetti, M. C. (1987). Stressful events are indeed a factor in physical illness: Reply to Schroder and Costa (1984).Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 52, 833–843.
Markides, K. S., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.). (1989).Aging, stress and health, New York: Wiley.
Matheny, K. B., & Cupp, P. (1983). Control, desirability and anticipation as moderating variables between life change and illness.Journal of Human Stress, 9, 14–23.
Neugebauer, R. (1984). The reliability of life event reports. In B. S. Dohrenwend & B. P. Dohrenwend (Eds.),Stressful life events and their context. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Paykel, E. (1983). Methodological aspects of life events research.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27, 341–352.
Rahe, R. H. (1975). Epidemiological studies of life change and illness.Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 6, 133–146.
Raphael, K. G., Cloitre, M., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1991). Problems of recall and misclassification with checklist methods of measuring stressful life events.Health Psychology, 10, 62–74.
Schroeder, D. H., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1984). Influence of life event stress on physical illness: Substantive effects or methodological flaws?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 853–863.
Thoits, P. A. (1983). Dimensions of life stress that influence psychological distress: An evaluation and synthesis of the literature. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.),Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press.
Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., & Guarnaccia, C. A. (1990). Some everyday consequences of disability and bereavement for older adults.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 550–561.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
French, S.L., Knox, V.J. & Gekoski, W.L. Confounding as a problem in relating life events to health status in elderly individuals. Am J Commun Psychol 20, 243–252 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940838
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940838