References
Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1986).Observing interaction: An Introduction to sequential analysis. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Bales, R. R. (1950).Interaction process analysis. Cambridge, MA: Addison Wesley.
Bergin, A. E., & Lambert, M. J. (1978). The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.),Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 139–190). New York: Wiley.
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales.Education and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.
Coyne, J. C., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Going beyond social support: The role of social relationships in adaptation.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 454–460.
Duncan, S., Jr., Kanki, B. G., Mokros, H., & Fiske, D. W. (1984). Pseudounilaterality, simple-rate variables, and other ills to which interaction research is heir.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1335–1348.
Fiske, D. W. (1979). Two worlds of psychological phenomena.American Psychologist, 34, 733–739.
Fleiss, J. L. (1981).Statistical methods for rales and proportions. New York: Wiley.
Galanter, M. (1988). Zealous self-help groups as adjuncts to psychiatric treatment: A study of Recovery, Inc.American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1248–1253.
Gottlieb, B. H. (1982). Mutual-help groups: Members' views of their benefits and of roles for professionals.Prevention in Human Services, 1, 55–67.
Gottman, J., & Markman, H. (1978). Experimental designs in psychotherapy research. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.),Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 23–62). New York: Wiley.
Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. M. (1986).The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook. New York: Guilford.
Guilford, J. P., & Fruchter, B. (1978).Fundamental statistics in psychology and education (6th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hertel, R. K. (1972). Application of stochatic process analysis to the study of psychotherapeutic processes.Psychological Bulletin, 77, 421–430.
Hill, C. E. (1978). Development of a counselor verbal response category system.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 461–468.
Hinrichsen, G., Revenson, T., & Shinn, M. (1985). Does self-help help? An empirical investigation of scoliosis peer support groups.Journal of Social Issues, 41, 65–87.
Hughes, J. M. (1977). Adolescent children of alcoholic parents and the relationship of Alateen to these children.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 946–947.
Jacobs, M. K., & Goodman, G. (1989). Psychology and self-help groups: Predictions on a partnership.American Psychologist, 44, 536–545.
Johnson, S. M., & Bolstad, O. D. (1973). Methodological issues in naturalistic observation: Some problems and solutions for field research. In L. A. Hamerlynch, L. C. Hardy, & E. J. Marsh (Eds.),Behavior change: Methodology, concepts and practice (pp. 7–67). Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Kessler, R. C., Price, R. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1985). Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes.Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 531–572.
Kiesler, D. J. (1971). Experimental designs in psychotherapy research. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.),Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 36–74). New York: Wiley.
Knight, B., Wollert, R. W., Levy, L. H., Frane, C. L., & Padgett, V. P. (1980). Self-help groups: The members' perspectives.American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 53–65.
Leavy, R. L. (1983). Social support and psychological disorder: A review.Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 3–21.
Levine, M. (1988). An analysis of mutual assistance.American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 167–183.
Levy, L. (1979). Processes and activities in groups. In M. A. Lieberman, L. D. Borman, & Associates (Eds.),Self-help groups for coping with crisis (pp. 234–271). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Levy, L. (1984). Issues in research and evaluation. In A. Gartner & F. Riessman (Eds.),The self-help revolution (pp. 155–172). New York: Human Sciences.
Lieberman, M. A. (1986a). Self-help groups and psychiatry. In I. Yalom (Ed.),Psychiatry update (Vol. 5, pp. 90–106. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Lieberman, M. A. (1986b). Social supports — the consequences of psychologizing: A commentary.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 461–465.
Lieberman, M. A., & Videka-Sherman, L. (1986). The impact of self-help groups on the mental health of widows and widowers.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 435–449.
Maton, K. (1988). Social support, organizational characteristics, psychological well-being, and group appraisal in three self-help populations.American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 53–77.
Moos, R. (1981).Group environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Peterson, G., Abrams, D. B., Elder, J. P., & Beaudin, P. A. (1985). Professional versus self-help weight loss at the worksite: The challenge of making a public health impact.Behavior Therapy, 16, 213–222.
Rappaport, J., Seidman, E., Toro, P., McFadden, L. S., Reischl, T. M., Roberts, L. J., Salem, D. A., Stein, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1985). Collaborative research with a mutual help organization.Social Policy, 15, 12–24.
Rappaport, J., Gross, C., & Lepper, T. (1973). Modeling, sensitivity training and instruction: Implications for training of college student volunteers and for outcome research.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 99–107.
Reischl, T. M. (1987).Psychologically distressed adults coping with recent upsetting events: The effects of participation in a mutual help organization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Riessman, F. (1965). The “helper” therapy principle.Social Work, 10, 27–32.
Roberts, L. J. (1987).The appeal of mutual help: The participants' perspective. Paper presented at the First Biennial Conference on Community Research and Action, Columbia, SC.
Roberts, L. J. (1989).Giving and receiving help: Behavioral predictors of outcomes for members of a mutual help group. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Roberts, L. J., Toro, P. A., Reischl, T. M., McFadden, L. S., Rappaport, J., & Seidman, E. (1984).The Mutual Help Observation System (MHOS): Manual for observers. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Toro, P. A. (1988).Systematic behavioral observation of ongoing mutual help groups. Paper presented at the 96th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA.
Toro, P. A., Rappaport, J., & Seidman, E. (1987). Social climate comparison of mutual help and psychotherapy groups.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 430–431.
Toro, P. A., Reischl, T. M., Zimmerman, M. A., Rappaport, J., Seidman, E., Luke, D. A., & Roberts, L. J. (1988). Professionals in mutual help groups: Impact on social climate and members' behavior.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 631–632.
Vinokur, A., Schul, Y., & Caplan, R. D. (1987). Determinants of perceived social support: Interpersonal transactions, personal outlook, and transient affective states.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 1137–1145.
Whalen, C. (1969). Effects of a model and instructions on group verbal behaviors.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 509–521.
Wiggins, J. S. (1973).Personality and prediction. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Wright, J. K. (1988).Predicting attendance in a mutual help organization. Unpublished Honors thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH37390 to Julian Rappaport and Edward Seidman. Douglas J. Luke is currently at Michigan State University, We thank the GROW organization for their cooperation and support, and we acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the observers and interviewers, Lee Ferraro, Liane Frey, Julie Genz, Laverne Hedgcock, Lisa McFadden, Chathapurum Ramanathan, Debby Salem, Lizette Smith, and Cathy Stein.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roberts, L.J., Luke, D.A., Rappaport, J. et al. Charting uncharted terrain: A behavioral observation system for mutual help groups. Am J Commun Psychol 19, 715–737 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00938041
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00938041