References
Ahlbrandt, R. S. (1984).Neighborhoods, people, and community. New York: Plenum Press.
Barker, R. G. (1968).Ecological psychology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bartko, J. J. (1976). On various intraclass reliability coefficients.Psychological Bulletin, 83, 762–765.
Berry, B., & Kasarda, J. D. (1977).Contemporary urban ecology. New York: Macmillan.
Buckner, J. C. (1986). The development of an instrument and procedure to assess the cohesiveness of neighborhoods.Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 2669B-2670B. (University Microfilms No. 86-20. 752)
Burkhardt, J. E., & Wozny, M. C. (1984). Comparative assessment of selected models of community cohesion.Transportation Quarterly, 38, 375–392.
Caplow, T., & Forman, R. (1950). Neighborhood interaction in a homogenous community.American Sociological Review, 15, 357–366.
Cartwright, D. (1968). The nature of group cohesiveness. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.),Group dynamics: Research and theory (3rd. ed., pp. 91–109). New York: Harper & Row.
Cartwright, D., & Zander, A. (1960). Group cohesiveness: Introduction. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.),Group dynamics: Research and theory (2nd. ed., pp. 69–94). New York: Harper & Row.
Devereux, E. C. (1960). Neighborhood and community participation.Journal of Social Issues, 16, 64–84.
Doolittle, R. J., & MacDonald, D. (1978). Communication and sense of community in a metropolitan neighborhood: A factor analytic examination.Communication Quarterly, 26,2–7.
Ebel, R. L. (1951). Estimation of the reliability of ratings.Psychometrika, 16, 407–424.
Fernandez, R. R., & Dillman, D. A. (1979). The influence of community attachment on geographic mobility.Rural Sociology, 44, 345–360.
Fessler, D. (1962). The development of a scale for measuring community solidarity.Rural Sociology, 17, 144–152.
Fischer, C. S. (1982).To dwell among friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Frank, J. (1957). Some determinants, manifestations, and effects of cohesiveness in therapy groups.International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 7, 53–63.
Glynn, T. J. (1981). Psychological sense of community: Measurement and application.Human Relations, 34, 780–818.
Gross, N., & Martin, W. E. (1952). On group cohesiveness.American Journal of Sociology, 57, 546–554.
Hannan, M. T. (1971).Aggregation and disaggregation in sociology. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Hartman, J. J. (1981). Group cohesion and the regulation of self-esteem. In H. Kellerman (Ed.),Group cohesion: Theoretical and clinical perspectives (pp. 255–267). New York: Grune & Stratton.
Hartnagel, T. F. (1979). The perception and fear of crime: Implications for neighborhood cohesion, social activity, and community affect.Social Forces, 58, 176–193.
Heller, K., Price, R. H., Reinharz, S., Riger, S., & Wandersman, A. (1984).Psychology and community change (2nd ed.). Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
Helmstadter, G. C. (1964).Principles of psychological measurement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hunter, A. (1975). The loss of community: An empirical test through replication.American Sociological Review, 40, 537–552.
James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement.Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 219–229.
James, L. R., & Jones, A. P. (1974). Organizational climate: A review of theory and research.Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1096–1112.
Joyce, W. F., & Slocum, J. W. (1984). Collective climate: Agreement as a basis for defining aggregate climates in organizations.Academy of Management Journal, 27, 721–742.
Keller, S. (1968).The urban neighborhood. New York: Random House.
Kellerman, H. (Ed.). (1981).Group cohesion: Theoretical and clinical perspectives, New York: Grune & Stratton.
Kenny, D. A., & La Voie, L. (1985). Separating individual and group effects.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 339–348.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1964).Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Key, W. H. (1965). Urbanism and neighboring.Sociological Quarterly, 6, 379–385.
Libo, L. W. (1953).Measuring group cohesiveness. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Litwak, E. (1960). Reference group theory, bureaucratic career, and neighborhood primary group cohesion.Sociometry, 23, 72–84.
Litwak, E. (1961). Voluntary associations and neighborhood cohesion.American Sociological Review, 26, 258–271.
Mann, P. H. (1954). The concept of neighborliness.American Journal of Sociology, 60, 163–168.
McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory.Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 6–23.
Miller, J. G. (1978).Living systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Moos, R. H. (1974).The social climate scales: An overview. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Moos, R. H. (1976).The human context: Environmental determinants of behavior. New York: Wiley.
Plutchik, R. (1981). Group cohesion in a psychoevolutionary context. In H. Kellerman (Ed.),Group cohesion: Theoretical and clinical perspectives (pp. 133–146). New York: Grune & Stratton.
Riger, S., & Lavrakas, P. J. (1981). Community ties: Patterns of attachment and social interaction in urban neighborhoods.American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 55–66.
Sarason, S. (1974).The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Seashore, S. E. (1954).Group cohesiveness in the industrial work group. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlation: Uses in assessing rater reliability.Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
Smith, R. A. (1975). Measuring neighborhood cohesion: A review and some suggestions.Human Ecology, 3, 143–160.
Trickett, E. J., Kelly, J. G., & Todd, D. M. (1972). The social environment of the high school: Guidelines for individual change and organizational redevelopment. In S. G. Golann & C. Eisdorfer (Eds.),Handbook of community mental health (pp. 331–406). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Unger, D. G., & Wandersman, A. (1983). Neighboring and its role in block organizations: An exploratory report.American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 291–300.
Unger, D. G., & Wandersman, A. (1985). The importance of neighbors: The social, cognitive, and affective components of neighboring.American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 139–169.
Vincent, T. A., & Trickett, E. J. (1983). Preventive interventions and the human context: Ecological approaches to environmental assessment and change. In R. D. Felner, L. A. Jason, J. N. Moritsugu, & S. S. Farber (Eds.),Preventive psychology: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 67–86). New York: Pergamon.
Wallin, P. (1953). A Guttman scale for measuring women's neighborliness.American Journal of Sociology, 59, 243–246.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This article is based on a dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland-College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctor of philosophy degree. The author is grateful in particular to Edison Trickett and to the other members of his dissertation committee composed of Robert Hirzel, Donald Klein, Katherine Klein, and Robert Steele. The author expresses appreciation to Elizabeth Buckner, Jane Cousins, Jerry Zisserson, Harold Perl, Debbie Dolan, Rosemarie Ciccarelly, Barbara Van Dahlen, and Michael Genhart for their assistance. The thoughtful comments of the annoymous reviewers are appreciated. Computer support was provided by the Computer Science Center, University of Maryland.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Buckner, J.C. The development of an instrument to measure neighborhood cohesion. Am J Commun Psychol 16, 771–791 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00930892
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00930892