Skip to main content
Log in

Marks and classroom adjustment as early indicators of mental health at age twenty

  • Published:
American Journal of Community Psychology

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Baker, J. W., & Holzworth, A. (1961). Social histories of succesful and unsuccessful children.Child Development, 32, 135–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B. L. (1985). Focal issues in the prevention of mental disorders. In H. H. Goldman & S. E. Goldston (Eds.),Preventing stress-related psychiatric disorders (pp. 3–20). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, R. W., & Nader, P. R. (1971). Relationship between nursery school behavior patterns and later school functioning.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 41, 597–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowen, E. L. (1985). Person centered approaches to primary prevention in mental health: Situation focused and competence-enhancement.American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowen, E. L., Peterson, A., Babigian, H., Izzo, L. D., & Trost, M. A. (1973). Long-term follow-up of early detected vulnerable children.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 438–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowen, E. L., Zax, M., Izzo, L. D., & Trost, M. A. (1966). Prevention of emotional disorders in the school setting.Journal of Consulting Psychology, 30, 381–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom, W. G. (1980).Basic radings in the MMPI. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, J. W., Ross, J. B., Hammond, W. A., & Milligan, D. G. (1966). Delinquency and social class.British Journal of Criminology, 6, 224–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, O. D. (1975).Introduction to structural equation models. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. (1984).Project Aware: Social problem solving as prevention model (Progress Report No. 36828). Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faschingbauer, T. R., & Newmark, C. S. (1978).Short forms of the MMPI. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glavin, J. P. (1972). Persistence of behavior disorders in children.Exceptional Children, 38, 367–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, P. King-Ellison, & Brantner, J. P. (1974).A practical guide to the MMPI Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. Mc V. (1979). Psychological Development: Early experience.Annual Review of Psychology, 30, 103–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973).Multiple regression in behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L., Ricks, D., & Snarer, J. (1984). Childhood development as a predictor of adaptation in adulthood.Genetic Psychology in Monographs, 110, 91–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, J., & Loney, J. (1978).Predicting adolescent antisocial behavior among hyperactive boys. paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

  • Kraus, P. E. (1984). A longitudinal study of children from kindergarten into the adult years. In S. A. Mednick, M. Harway, & K. M. Finello (Eds.),Handbook of longitudinal research (Vol. 1, pp. 353–363). New York: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review.Child Development, 53, 1431–1446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milligan, G., Douglas, J. W. B., Hammond, W. A., & Tizard, J. (1963). Delinquency and the symptoms of maladjustment: The findings of a longitudinal study.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 56, 1083–1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, C. S. (1985). The MMPI. In C. S. Newmark (Ed.),Major psychological assessment instruments (pp. 11–64). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, J. D., Guidebaldi, J., & Kehle, T. J. (1979). Kindergarten competencies as predictors of third grade classroom behavior and achievement.Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 443–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. (1966).Deviant children grow up: A sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., & Wish, E. (1977). Childhood deviance as a developmental process: A study of 223 urban black men from birth to 18.Social Forces, 56, 448–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roff, M. (1961). Childhood interaction and adult conduct.Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 63, 333–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology.Child Development, 55, 17–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivack, G. (1983).High risk early behaviors indicating vulnerability to delinquency in the community and the school: A fifteen-year longitudinal study (Final report to the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Grant No. 78-JN-AX-0033-S3). Philadelphia: Hahnemann University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivack, G., & Marcus, J. (1985). Early school performance and classroom behavior as paths to independence and employment among black urban youth. Submitted for publication.

  • Spivack, G., Marcus, J., & Swift, M. (1986). Early classroom behaviors and later misconduct.Developmental Psychology, 22, 124–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivack, G., & Swift, M. (1967).Devereux elementary school behavior rating scale manual. Devon, PA: The Devereux Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivack, G., & Swift, M. (1973). The classroom behavior of children: A critical review of teacher-administered rating scales.Journal of Special Education, 7, 55–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strayhorn, J. M. (1983). A diagnostic axis relevant to psychotherapy and mental health.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 677–696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, M., & Spivack, G. (1969). Achievement related classroom behavior of secondary school normal and disturbed students.Exceptional Children, 34, 677–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • T'seng, M. S., & Sonstegard, M. A. (1971). Identifying preschool children with learning problems.Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6, 563–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weikart, D. P. (1984).Changed lives. Ypsilant, MI: High Scope Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westman, J. C., Rice, D. L., & Bermann, E. (1967). Relationship between nursery school behavior and later school adjustment.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 37, 725–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zax, M., Cowen, E. L., & Rappaport, J. (1968). Follow-up study of children identified early as emotionally disturbed.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 369–374.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This work was supported by the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice law Enforcement Assistance Administration grant No. 78-JN-AX-0033-S3 and the National Insitutes of Health grant No. R01-MH39644-01. We also extend our thanks to David Elesh and Edward Gracely for statistical advice and assistance. Betty Palmer's organizational talents were a great help in our efforts to locate and interview participants.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Spivack, G., Marcus, J. Marks and classroom adjustment as early indicators of mental health at age twenty. Am J Commun Psychol 15, 35–55 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00919756

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00919756

Keywords

Navigation