This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Altman, I.The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory and crowding. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks-Cole, 1975.
Appley, M., & Trumbull, R. On the concept of psychological stress. In M. H. Appley & R. Trumbull (Eds.),Psychological stress. New York: Appleton, 1967.
Averill, J. Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress.Psychological Bulletin, 1973,80, 286–303.
Berkowitz, L. The frustration-aggression hypothesis revisited. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Roots of aggression. New York: Atherton Press, 1969.
Bloom, B.Community mental health: A general introduction. Monterey, Cal.: Brooks/ Cole, 1977.
Burgess, E. The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. In R. Park and E. Burgess (Eds.)The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926.
Buss, A. Physical aggression in relation to different frustrations.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963,67, 1–7.
Catalano, R., & Monahan, J. The community psychologist as social planner: Designing optimal environments.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1975,3, 327–334.
Catanese, A. Models of commuting. In A. Catanese (Ed.),New perspectives in transportation research. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Press, 1972.
Deslauriers, B. C., & Everett, P. B. Effects of intermittent and continuous token reinforcement on bus ridership.Journal of Applied Psychology, 1977,62, 369–375.
Everett, P. B., Hayward, S. C., & Meyers, A. W. The effects of a token reinforcement procedure to increase bus riderhip.Journal ofApplied Behavioral Analysis, 1974,7, 1–9.
Feather, N. T. The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement related motives.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961,63, 552–561.
Forbes, T. W.Human factors in highway traffic safety research. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1972.
Glass, D., & Singer, J. E.Urban stress. New York: Academic Press, 1972.
Heller, K., & Monahan, J.Psychology and community change. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1977.
Hokanson, J. E., & Burgess, M. The effects of status, type of frustration, and aggression on vascular processes.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1962,65, 232–237.
Horowitz, A. D., & Sheth, J. N.Ridesharing to work: A psychosocial analysis. Presented at the 84th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association,Washington, D.C., 1976.
Houston, B. K. Control over stress, locus of control, and response to stress.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972,21, 249–255.
Lazarus, R.Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Laurell, H., & Lisper, H. O. Changes in subsidiary reaction time and heart rate during car driving, passenger travel and stationary conditions.Ergonomics, 1976,19, 149–156.
Lefcourt, H. Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A review.Psychological Bulletin, 1966,65, 206–220.
Lefcourt, H. The function of the illusions of control and freedom,American Psychologist, 1973,28, 417–425.
Lisper, H. O., Laurell, H., & Stening, G. Effects of experience of the driver on heart rate, respiration rate, and subsidiary reaction time in a three-hour continuous driving task.Ergonomics, 1973,16, 501–506.
McGrath, J. E. A conceptual formulation for research on stress. In J. E. McGrath (Ed.),Social and psychological factors in stress. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1970.
Mechanic, D.Medical sociology: A selective view. New York: Free Press, 1968.
Olson, M. Community values, social measurement, and transportation policy. InHighway Research Board, Transportation and Community Values. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1969.
Phares, E. J.Locus of control: A personality determinant of behavior (a modular publication). Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press, 1973.
Rappaport, J.Community psychology: Values, research, and action. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1977.
Rotter, J. Generalized expectancies of internal versus external control of reinforcement.Psychological Monographs, 1966,80(Whole No. 609).
Rotter, J. Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975,43, 56–67.
Rotter, J., and Mulry, R. Internal versus external control of reinforcement and decision time.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 1965,2, 598–604.
Sarason, S.The psychological sense of community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974.
Schaeffer, K. H., & Schlar, E.Access for all: Transportation & urban growth. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975.
Singer, J. E., Lundberg, U., & Frankenhauser, M. Stress on the train: A study of urban commuting. In A. Baum, J. E. Singer, & S. Valins (Eds.),Advances in environmental psychology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1977.
Smerk, G. M. Urban mass transportation:A dozen years of federal policy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974.
Stokols, D. The experience of crowding in primary and secondary environments.Environment and Behavior, 1976,8, 45–86.
Stokols, D., Novaco, R. W., Stokols, J., & Campbell, J. Traffic congestion, Type-A behavior and stress.Journal of Applied Psychology, 1978,63, 467–480.
Sundstrom, E. Crowding as a sequential process: Review of research on the effects of population density on humans. In A. Baum and Y. Epstein (Eds.),Human response to crowding. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, in press.
Taylor, P., & Pocock, C. Commuter travel and sickness: Absence of London office workers.British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 1969,4, 130.
Wechsler, D.The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1958.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The reported research was funded by a grant from the Institute for Transportation Studies at the University of California, Irvine. Portions of this manuscript were presented at the 85th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, August 1977. We are grateful to the management and employees of Allergan Pharmaceuticals and Parker-Hannifin Corporation in Irvine, California, for their participation in this study. We thank Ray Catalano, David Dooley, Gary Evans, and John Monahan for their helpful comments in the preparation of this manuscript.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Novaco, R.W., Stokols, D., Campbell, J. et al. Transportation, Stress, and Community Psychology. Am J Commun Psychol 7, 361–380 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00894380
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00894380