Abstract
Antioxidant enzymes function to remove deleterious reactive oxygen species, including the superoxide anion radical and H2O2. Subcellular distributions and optimal and other properties of catalase (EC. 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC. 1.15.1.1), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPX; EC. 1.11.1.9) and total glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were determined in the digestive gland of the common mussel Mytilus edulis L. by spectrophotometric and cytochemical/electron microscopic (catalase) techniques. Assay conditions for Se-GPX and total GPX activities were determined which optimized the difference between the non-enzymic and enzymic rates of reaction. General peroxidase activity (guaiacol as substrate) (EC. 1.11.1.7) was not detectable in any subcellular fraction. Catalase was largely, if not totally, peroxisomal, whereas SOD and GPX activities were mainly cytosolic. Distinct mitochondrial (Mn-SOD) and cytosolic (CuZn-SOD) SOD forms were indicated. Catalase properties were consistent with a catalase, rather than a catalase-peroxidase. The pH-dependence and temperature-dependence of GPX activity were different with H2O2 or CHP as substrate, and these and other observations indicate the existence of a distinct Se-GPX. Under saturating or optimal (GPX) assay conditions, the apparent Michaelis constants K m (m M) were: catalase, 48 to 68 (substrate, H2O2); Se-GPX, 0.11 (H2O2) and 2.0 (glutathione); and total GPX, 2.2 (eumene hydroperoxide) and 1.2 (glutathione). Calculated catalase activity was 2 to 4 orders of magnitude greater than Se-GPX activity over an [H2O2] of 1 to 1000 μ M. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical calculations of in vivo oxyradical production and phylogenetic differences in antioxidant enzyme activities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase. In: Bergmeyer, H. U. (ed.) Methods in enzymatic analysis. Vol. II. Academic Press, New York, p. 673–683
Ahmad, S., Beilstein, M. A., Pardini, R. S. (1989). Glutathione peroxidase activity in insects: a reassessment. Archs Insect Biochem. Physiol. 12: 31–49
Ahmad, S., Pritsos, C. A., Bowen, S. M., Heisler, C. R., Blomquist, G. J., Pardini, R. S. (1988). Subcellular distribution and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania. Archs Insect Biochem. Physiol. 7: 173–186
Angermuller, S., Fahimi, H. D. (1981). Selective cytochemical localization of peroxidase, cytochrome oxidase and catalase in rat liver with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. Histochemistry 71: 33–44
Argese, E., Rigo, A., Viglino, P., Orsega, E., Marmocchi, F., Cocco, D., Rotilio, G. (1984). A study of the pH dependence of the activity of porcine Cu, Zn SOD. Biochim. biophys. Acta 787: 205–207
Aruoma, O.I., Halliwell, B., Hoey, B.M., Butler, J. (1988). The antioxidant action of taurine, hypotaurine and their metabolic precursors. Biochem. J. 256: 251–255
Awasthi, Y.C., Beutler, E., Srivastava, S.K. (1975). Purification and properties of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. biol. Chem. 250: 5144–5149
Barja de Quiroga, G., Gil, P., Alonso-Bedate, M. (1985). Catalase enzymatic activity and electrophoretic pattern in adult amphiblians—a a comparative study. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 80B: 853–858
Barja de Quiroga, G., Lopez-Torres, M., Gil, P. (1989a). Hyperoxia decreases lung size of amphibian tadpoles without changing GSH-peroxidases or tissue peroxidation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92A: 581–588
Barja de Quiroga, G., Lopez-Torres, M., Perez-Campo, R. (1989b). Catalase is needed to avoid tissue peroxidation in Rana perezi in normoxia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94C: 391–398
Beloqui, O., Cederbaum, A.I. (1986). Prevention of microsomal production of hydroxyl radicals, but not lipid peroxidation, by the glutathione-glutathione peroxidase system. Biochem. Pharmac. 35: 2663–2669
Beyer, W.F., Jr., Fridovich, I. (1987). Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Analyt. Biochem. 161: 559–566
Bishop, S.H., Ellis, L.L., Burcham, J.M. (1983). Amino acid metabolism in molluscs. In: Wilbur, K.H. (ed.-in-chief). The Mollusca. Vol I. Hochachka, P.W. (ed.) Metabolic biochemistry and molecular biomechanics. Academic Press, New York, p. 243–327
Blum, D.C., Fridovich, I. (1984). Enzymatic defenses against oxygen toxicity in the hydrothermal vent animals Rifta pachyptila and Calyptogena magnifica. Archs Biochem. Biophys. 228: 617–620
Borg, D.C., Schaich, K.M. (1984). Cytotoxicity from coupled redox cycling of autoxidizing xenobiotics and metals. Israel J. Chem. 24: 38–53
Braddon-Galloway, S., Balthrop, J.E. (1985). Se-dependent GSH-peroxidase isolated from black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82C: 297–300.
Byczkowski, J.Z., Gessner, T. (1988). Biological role of superoxide ion-radical. Int. J. Biochem. 20: 569–580
Cadenas, E., Mira, D., Brunmark, A., Lind, C., Segura-Aguilar, J., Ernster, L. (1988). Effect of superoxide dismutase of the autoxidation of various hydroquinones — a possible role of superoxide dismutases as a superoxide: semiquinone oxidoreductase. Free radical Biol. Med. 5: 71–79
Cand, F., Verdetti, J. (1989). Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation in the major organs of the aging rats. Free radical Biol. Med. 7: 59–63
Claiborne, A. (1985). Catalase activity. In: Greenwald, R. A. (ed.) Handbook of methods of oxygen radical research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 283–284
De Groot, H., Littauer, H. (1989). Hypoxia, reactive oxygen, and cell injury. Free radical. Biol. Med. 6: 541–551
De Groot, H., Noll, T. (1987). The role of physiological oxygen partial pressures in lipid peroxidation. Theoretical considerations and experimental evidence. Chemy Phys Lipids. 44: 209–226
Di Giulio, R.T., Washburn, P.C., Wenning, R.J., Winston, G.W., Jewell, C.S. (1989). Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: a review of determinants of oxidative stress. Envir. Toxic. Chem. 8: 1103–1123
Diguiseppi, J., Fridovich, I. (1984). The toxicology of molecular oxygen. CRC critical Rev. Toxic. 12: 315–342
Dykens, J.A., Shick, J.M. (1988). Relevance of purine catabolism to hypoxia and recovery in euryoxic and stenoxic marine invertebrates, particularly bivalve molluscs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91C: 35–41
Fielden, E.M., Roberts, P.B., Gray, R.C., Lowe, D.J., Mautner, G.N., Rotilio, G., Calabrese, L. (1974). The mechanism of action of superoxide dismutase from pulse radiolysis and electron paramagnetic resonance. Biochem. J. 139: 49–60
Flohé, L. (1982). Glutathione peroxidase brought into focus. In: Pryor, W.A. (ed.) Free radicals in biology. Vol. V. Academic Press, New York, p. 223–277
Fridovich, I. (1976). Oxygen radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and oxygen toxicity. In: Pryor, W.A. (ed.) Free radicals in biology. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, p. 239–277
Fridovich, I. (1982). Measuring the activity of superoxide dismutases: an embarrassment of riches. In: Oberley, L.W. (ed.) Superoxide dismutase. Vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. p. 69–77
Fukumori, Y., Fujiwara, T., Okada-Takahashi, Y., Mukohata, Y., Yamanaka, T. (1985). Purification and properties of a peroxidase from Halobacterium halobium L-33. J. Biochem. Tokyo 98: 1055–1061
Goldberg, I., Hochman, I. (1989). Three different types of catalases in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Archs Biochem. Biophys. 268: 124–128
Goldfarb, P., Spry, J.A., Dunn, D., Livingstone, D.R., Wiseman, A., Gibson, G.G. (1989). Detection of mRNA sequences homologous to the human glutathione peroxidase and rat cytochrome P-450IVA1 genes in Mytilus edulis. Mar. envirl Res. 28: 57–60
Goldstein, S., Michel, C., Bors, W., Saran, M., Czapski, G. (1988). A critical reevaluation of some assay methods for superoxide dismutase activity. Free radical Biol. Med. 4: 295–303
Günzler, W.A., Flohé, L. (1985). Glutathione peroxidase. In: Greenwald, R.A. (ed.) Handbook of methods for oxygen research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 285–290
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1986). Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: some problems and concepts. Archs Biochem. Biophys. 246: 501–514
Hamed, R.R. (1984). Characterization of catalase from Hyalomma dromedarii cuticle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78B: 499–505
Jamieson, D. (1989). Oxygen toxicity and reactive oxygen metabolites in mammals. Free radical Biol. Med. 7: 87–108
Jones, D.P., Aw, T.Y., Shan, X. (1989). Drug metabolism and toxicity during hypoxia. Drug Metab. Rev. 20: 247–260
Klug, D., Rabani, J., Fridovich, I. (1972). A direct demonstration of the catalytic action of superoxide dismutase through the use of pulse radiolysis. J. biol. Chem. 247: 4839–4842
Lawrence, R.A., Burk, R.F. (1976). Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 71: 952–958
Livingstone, D.R. (1991). Organic xenobiotic metabolism in marine invertebrates. Adv. comp. envir. Physiol. 7: 45–185
Livingstone, D.R., Clarke, K.R. (1983). Seasonal changes in hexokinase from the mantle tissue of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74B: 691–702
Livingstone, D.R., Farrar, S.V. (1984). Tissue and subcellular distribution of enzyme activities of mixed-function oxygenase and benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Sci. total Envir. 39: 209–235
Livingstone, D.R., Garcia Martinez, P., Michel, X., Narbonne, J.F., O'Hara, S.C.M., Ribera, S.D., Winston, G.W. (1990). Oxyradical production as a pollution-mediated mechanism of toxicity in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L., and other molluscs. Funct. Ecol. 4: 415–424
Livingstone, D.R., Garcia Martinez, P., Winston, G.W. (1989a). Menadione-stimulated oxyradical formation in digestive gland microsomes of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Aquat. Toxic. 15: 213–236
Livingstone, D.R., Kirchlin, M.A., Wiseman, A. (1989b). Cytochrome P-450 and oxidative metabolism in molluscs. Xenobiotica 19: 1041–1062
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem. 193: 265–275
Makary, M., Kim, H.L., Safe, S., Womack, J., Ivie, G.W. (1988). Constitutive and Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic glutathionc S-transferase, peroxidase and reductase activities in genetically inbred mice. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91C: 425–429
Malik, Z., Jones, C.J.P., Connock, M.J. (1987). Assay and subcellular localization of H2O2 generating mannitol oxidase in the terrestrial slug Arion ater. J. exp. Zool. 242: 9–15
Mann, V., Large, A., Khan, S., Malik, Z., Connock, MJ. (1989) Aromatic alcohol oxidase: a new membrane-bound H2O2-generating enzyme in alimentary tissues of the slug Arion ater. J. exp. Zool. 251: 265–274
Marx, J.L. (1987). Oxygen free radicals linked to many diseases. Science, N.Y. 235: 529–531
McCord, J.M., Fridovich, I. (1969). Superoxide dismutase: an enzymatic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. biol. Chem. 244: 6049–6055
Michiels, C., Remacle, J. (1988). Use of the inhibition of enzymatic antioxidant systems in order to evaluate their physiological importance. Eur. J. Biochem. 177: 435–441
Morrill, A.C., Powell, E.N., Bidigare, R.R., Shick, J.M. (1988). Adaptations to life in the sulfide system: a comparison of oxygen detoxifying enzymes in thiobiotic and oxybiotic meiofauna (and freshwater planarians). J. comp. Physiol. (Sect. B) 158: 335–344
Munday, R., Winterbourn, C.C. (1989). Reduced glutathione in combination with superoxide dismutase as an important biological antioxidant defence mechanism. Biochem. Pharmac. 38: 4349–4352
Owen, G. (1972). Lysosomes, peroxisomes and bivalves. Scient. Prog. Oxf. 60: 299–318
Paglia, D.E., Valentine, W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. clin. Med. 70: 158–169
Pelletier, E. (1988). Acute toxicity of some methylmercury comples to Mytilus edulis and lack of selenium protection. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 19: 213–219
Powell, E.N., Morrill, A.C., Bidigaire, R.R. (1989). Catalase in sulfide- and methane-dependent macrofauna from petroleum seeps. Experientia 45: 198–200
Pritsos, C.A., Ahmad, S., Elliott, A.J., Pardini, R.S. (1990). Antioxidant enzyme level response to prooxidant allelochemicals in larvae of the southern armyworm moth, Spodoptera eridania. Free radical Res. Commun. 9: 127–133
Putter, J. (1984). Peroxidases. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (ed.) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, p. 685–690
Roberts, M.H., Sved D.W., Felton, S.P. (1987). Temporal changes in AHH and SOD activities in feral spot from the Elizabeth river, a polluted sub-estuary. Mar. envirl Res. 23: 89–101
Roels, F., Geerts, A., De Coster, W., Goldfischer, S. (1982). Cytoplasmic catalase: cytochemistry and physiology. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 386: 534–536
Salin, M.L., Day, E.D., Crapo, J.D. (1978). Isolation and charactezation of a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from rat liver. Archs Biochem. Biophys. 187: 223–228
Sanchez-Moreno, M., Garcia-Ruiz, M.A., Monteolivia, M. (1989). Physico-chemical characteristics of superoxide dismutase in Ascaris suum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92B: 737–740
Shick, J.M., Dykens, J.A. (1985). Oxygen detoxification in algal-invertebrate symbioses from the Great Barrier Reef. Oecologia 66: 33–41
Simmons, T.W., Jamall, I.S. (1988). Significance of alterations in hepatic antioxidant enzymes. Biochem. J. 251: 913–917
Smith, J., Shrift, A. (1979). Phylogenetic distribution of glutathione peroxidase. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63B: 39–44
Steinman, H.M. (1982). Superoxide dismutases: protein chemistry and structure-function relationships. In: Oberley, L.W. (ed.) Superoxide dismutase. Vol I. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, p. 11–68
Susani, M., Zimniak, P., Fessl, F., Ruis, H. (1976). Localization of catalase A in vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for the vacuolar nature of isolated “yeast peroxisomes”. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem. 357: 961–970
Takahashi, K., Avissar, N., Whitin, J., Cohen, H. (1987). Purification and characterization of human plasma glutathione peroxidase: a selenoglycoprotein distinct from the known cellular enzyme. Archs Biochem. Biophys. 256: 677–686
Tappel, M.E., Chaudiere, J, Tappel., A.L. (1982). Glutathione peroxidase activities of animal tissues. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B: 945–949
Tribble, D.L., Jones, D.P. (1990). Oxygen depedence of oxidative stress. Rate of NADPH supply for maintaining the GSH pool during hypoxia. Biochem. Pharmac. 39: 729–736
Turner, E., Hager, L.J., Shapiro, B.M. (1988). Ovothiol replaces glutathione peroxidase as a hydrogen peroxide scavenger in sea urchin eggs. Science, N.Y. 242: 939–941
Ursini, F., Bindoli, A. (1987). The role of selenium peroxidases in the protection against oxidative damage of membranes. Chemy Phys. Lipids 44: 255–276
Vandewalle, P.L., Petersen, N.O. (1987). Oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by hydrogen peroxide. Implications for superoxide assays. Fedn eur. biochem. Soc. (FEBS) Lett. 210: 195–198
Vuillaume, M. (1987). Reduced oxygen species, mutation, induction and cancer initiation. Mutation Res. 186: 43–72
Wenning R.J.. Di Giulio, R.T. (1988). Microsomal enzyme activities, superoxide production, and antioxidant defenses in ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) and wedge clams (Rangia cuneata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90C: 21–28
Winston, G.W. (1991). Oxidants and antioxidants in aquatic animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100C: 173–176
Winston, G.W., Di Giulio, R.T. (1991). Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquat. Toxic. 19: 137–161
Winston, G.W., Livingstone, D.R., Lips, F. (1990). Oxygen reduction metabolism by the digestive gland of the common marine mussel, Mytilus edulis L. J. exp. Zool. 255: 296–308
Yokota, S. (1970). Comparative studies on the ultrastructure of hepatic microbodies. I. Hepatopancreatic microbodies of the marine Mollusca and Crustacea. Zool. Mag., Tokyo 79: 296–301
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by J. Mauchline, Oban
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Livingstone, D.R., Lips, F., Martinez, P.G. et al. Antioxidant enzymes in the digestive gland of the common mussel Mytilus edulis . Mar. Biol. 112, 265–276 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00702471
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00702471