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Spongy glio-neuronal dystrophy in infancy and childhood

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Summary

A clinico-pathological report is given of three children from two different families who, after normal birth and retarded early infantile progress, developed myoclonic and generalized seizures and neurological disorders at the age of one, two and five years, respectively. The progressive malady was characterized by repeated myoclonic jerks, focal seizures, motor weakness with spasticity or flaccidity, abnormal movements, cerebellar symptoms, blindness, deafness, and death in a decerebrate state at the age of 3 to 7,5 years. Necropsy disclosed severe fatty transformation of the liver in case 1. The brains showed spongy degeneration of the grey matter, particularly of the isocortex, with neuronal loss and diffuse astroglial proliferation, spongy change of the deep grey nuclei and spongy atrophy of the cerebellum, most prominent in case 2. The initial changes appeared to be spongy transformation of the neuropil due to vacuolation of neuronal processes and hydropic swelling of astroglia. The grey matter lesion was associated with diffuse gliosis and slight degeneration of the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. In case 1 and 2 peripheral nerve lesions were noted. These observations are compared with other cases from the literature, which are referred to as the “idiopathic” type of progressive poliodystrophy. From the presumed basic affection of the glio-neuronal unit, the term “Spongy Glio-Neuronal Dystrophy in Infancy and Childhood” is proposed for this group of cases, which are separated from symptomatic forms of progressive grey matter degeneration in early age. Although a genetically induced metabolic disorder is suggested, the aetiology of this condition is unknown.

Zusammenfassung

Klinisch-pathologischer Bericht über 3 Kinder, davon 2 Geschwister, bei denen nach normaler Geburt und verzögerter Frühentwicklung Myoklonien und generalisierte Krämpfe sowie neurologische Störungen im Alter von 1, 2 und 5 Jahren einsetzten. Das progrediente Krankheitsbild war gekennzeichnet durch Myoklonien, focale Anfälle, Muskelschwäche mit Spastizität oder schlaffer Quadruparese, Bewegungs- und Haltungsstörungen, Kleinhirnsymptome, Blindheit und Taubheit. Tod im Decerebrationszustand im Alter zwischen 3 und 7,5 Jahren. Autoptisch bot Fall 1 eine schwere Leberverfettung. Alle Gehirne zeigten spongiöse Degeneration der grauen Substanz, besonders des Isocortex, mit diffusem Nervenzellausfall und Gliaproliferation. Als Initialveränderung imponierte eine spongiöse Umwandlung des Neuropils durch Vacuolisierung von Nervenzellfortsätzen sowie Astrogliahydrops. Spongiöse Veränderungen betrafen auch die Basalkerne und das Kleinhirn, besonders im Fall 2. Daneben lag eine diffuse Gliose und Marklichtung im Groß- und Kleinhirnmarklager vor. Peripher-nervöse Veränderungen fanden sich in Fall 1 und 2. Diese Beobachtungen werden mit anderen vergleichbaren Fällen des Schrifttums als “idiopathische” Form der progressiven Poliodystrophie zusammengefaßt. Da die Grundstörung vermutlich die glio-neuronale Funktionseinheit betrifft, wird die Bezeichnung “Spongiöse glio-neuronale Dystrophie” im Kindes-(und Jugend)alter für diese Syndromgruppe vorgeschlagen. Sie wird von symptomatischen Formen progressiver Schädigung der grauen Hirnsubstanz im frühen Lebensalter abgegrenzt. Obwohl für diese Krankheitsgruppe genetisch bedingte Stoffwechselstörungen vermutet werden, ist ihre Ätiologie bisher unbekannt.

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Jellinger, K., Seitelberger, F. Spongy glio-neuronal dystrophy in infancy and childhood. Acta Neuropathol 16, 125–140 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00687667

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