Summary
At four sites in the cardinal directions from the home loft in about 180 km distance, 135 experimental pigeons (EPs) and 171 control pigeons (CPs) were released. The EPs had been made anosmic by bilateral olfactory nerve section. All birds were completely inexperienced in homing.
Homeward orientation was clearly established in the CPs of which 19% returned to the loft. The performances of the EPs were significantly worse in (a) initial orientation, (b) vanishing intervals, (c) distribution of recoveries, and (d) homing success (none of them homed).
The EPs still showed the loft-specific preferred compass direction (PCD).
The recoveries of the EPs are much more widely scattered in direction than those of the rather well homeward oriented CPs, even if the distances from the release site are the same in both groups. It is concluded that the navigational capability rather than the motivation to fly or to return home is affected by olfactory deprivation. It is further concluded that homing of pigeons depends on olfactory stimuli perceived at the remote sites even at distances as large as 180km.
In the data of the anosmic pigeons a non-olfactory component of homeward orientation persists which is much more pronounced on the W-E axis than on the N-S axis. This component alone appears to be insufficient for a return to the loft.
Earlier results and conclusions that gave rise to some controversy are critically examined.
The present as well as earlier findings are discussed with respect to two alternative hypotheses of olfactory navigation, the “mosaic hypothesis” (favoured by Papi) and the “gradient hypothesis” (favoured by the author).
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- EP :
-
experimental pigeon(s)
- CP :
-
control pigeon(s)
- CLCP :
-
cueless transported control pigeon(s) (see p. 210)
- PCD :
-
preferred compass direction
References
Baldaccini, N.E., Benvenuti, S., Fiaschi, V., Papi, F.: Pigeon navigation: Effects of wind deflection at home cage on homing behaviour. J. Comp. Physiol.99, 177–186 (1975a)
Baldaccini, N.E., Benvenuti, S., Fiaschi, V., Papi, F.: New data on the influence of olfactory deprivation on the homing behavior of pigeons. In: Olfaction and taste V. Denton, D.A., Coghlan, J.P. (eds.), pp. 351–353. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1975b
Baldaccini, N.E., Benvenuti, S., Fiaschi, V., Ioalé, P., Papi, F.: Investigation of pigeon homing by means of “deflector cages”. In: Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Schmidt-Koenig, K., Keeton, W.T. (eds.), pp. 78–91. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978
Batschelet, E.: Statistical methods for the analysis of problems in animal orientation and certain biological rhythms. Washington, D.C.: Am. Inst. Biol. Sci. 1965
Batschelet, E.: Recent statistical methods for orientation data. In: Animal orientation and navigation, NASA Spec. Publ. 262. Galler. S.R., Schmidt-Koenig, K., Jacobs, G.J., Belleville, R.E. (eds.) pp. 61–91. Washington, D.C.: NASA 1972
Batschelet, E.: Second-order statistical analysis of directions. In: Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Schmidt-Koenig, K., Keeton, W.T. (eds.), pp. 3–24. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978
Benvenuti, S.: Impaired homing ability in anosmatic pigeons. Z. Tierpsychol.51, 406–414 (1979)
Benvenuti, S., Fiaschi, V., Fiore, L., Papi, F.: Homing performances of inexperienced and directionally trained pigeons subjected to olfactory nerve section. J. Comp. Physiol.83, 81–92 (1973)
Dornfeldt, K.: Beeinträchtigung der Navigation der Brieftaube (Columba lima) durch Xylocain-Behandlung der Nasenhöhle. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges.72, 218 (1979)
Hartwick, R.F., Foà, A., Papi, F.: The effects of olfactory deprivation by nasal tubes upon homing behavior in pigeons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.2, 81–89 (1977)
Hartwick, R., Kiepenheuer, J., Schmidt-Koenig, K.: Further experiments on the olfactory hypothesis of pigeon homing. In: Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Schmidt-Koenig, K., Keeton, W.T. (eds.), pp. 107–118. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978
Hermayer, K.L., Keeton, W.T.: Homing behavior of pigeons subjected to bilateral nerve section. Monit. Zool. Ital. (N.S.)13, 303–313 (1979)
Ioalé, P., Papi, F., Fiaschi, V., Baldaccini, N.E.: Pigeon navigation: Effects upon homing behaviour by reversing wind direction at the loft. J. Comp. Physiol.128, 285–295 (1978)
Keeton, W.T.: Pigeon homing: No influence of outward-journey detours on initial orientation. Monit. Zool. Ital. (N.S.)8, 227–234 (1974)
Keeton, W.T.: Avian orientation and navigation: a brief overview. Brit. Birds72, 451–470 (1979)
Keeton, W.T., Kreithen, M.L., Hermayer, K.L.: Orientation by pigeons deprived of olfaction by nasal tubes. J. Comp. Physiol.114, 289–299 (1977)
Kiepenheuer, J.: Pigeon homing: A repetition of the deflector loft experiment. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.3, 393–395 (1978)
Kiepenheuer, J.: Pigeon homing: Deprivation of olfactory information does not affect the deflector effect. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.6, 11–22 (1979)
Kramer, G.: Recent experiments on bird orientation. Ibis101, 399–416 (1959)
Papi, F.: La navigazione dei colombi viaggiatori. La Scienze8, n. 78, 66–75 (1975)
Papi, F.: The olfactory navigation of the homing pigeon. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges.69, 184–205 (1976)
Papi, F., Fiore, L., Fiaschi, V., Benvenuti, S.: The influence of olfactory nerve section on the homing capacity of carrier pigeons. Monit. Zool. Ital. (N.S.)5, 265–267 (1971)
Papi, F., Fiore, L., Fiaschi, V., Benvenuti, S.: Olfaction and homing in pigeons. Monit. Zool. Ital. (N.S.)6, 85–95 (1972)
Papi, F., Fiaschi, V., Benvenuti, S., Baldaccini, N.E.: Pigeon homing: Outward journey detours influence the initial orientation. Monit. Zool. Ital. (N.S.)7, 129–133 (1973)
Papi, F., Ioalé, P., Fiaschi, V., Benvenuti, S., Baldaccini, N.E.: Pigeon homing: Cues detected during the outward journey influence initial orientation. In: Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Schmidt-Koenig, K., Keeton, W.T. (eds.), pp. 65–77. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978a
Papi, F., Keeton, W.T., Brown, A.I., Benvenuti, S.: Do American and Italian pigeons rely on different homing mechanisms? J. Comp. Physiol.128, 303–317 (1978b)
Papi, F., Mariotti, G., Foà, A., Fiaschi, V.: Orientation of anosmatic pigeons. J. Comp. Physiol.135, 227–232 (1980)
Schmidt-Koenig, K.: Avian orientation and navigation. London, New York, San Francisco: Academic Press 1979
Schmidt-Koenig, K., Phillips, J.B.: Local anesthesia of the olfactory membrane and homing in pigeons. In: Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Schmidt-Koenig, K., Keeton, W.T. (eds.), pp. 119–124. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978
Snyder, R.L., Cheney, C.D.: Homing performance of anosmic pigeons. Bull. Psychon. Soc.6, 592–594 (1975)
Waldvogel, J.A., Benvenuti, S., Keeton, W.T., Papi, F.: Homing pigeon orientation influenced by deflected winds at home loft. J. Comp. Physiol.128, 297–301 (1978)
Wallraff, H.G.: Über die Heimfindeleistungen von Brieftauben nach Haltung in verschiedenartig abgeschirmten Volieren. Z. Vergl. Physiol.52, 215–259 (1966)
Wallraff, H.G.: The present status of our knowledge about pigeon homing. In: Proc. XIV Int. Ornithol. Congr. Snow, D.W. (ed.), pp. 331–358. Oxford, Edinburgh: Blackwell 1967
Wallraff, H.G.: Das Navigationssystem der Vögel. München, Wien: Oldenbourg 1974
Wallraff, H.G.: Preferred compass directions in initial orientation of homing pigeons. In: Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Schmidt-Koenig, K., Keeton, W.T. (eds.), pp. 171–183. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978
Wallraff, H.G.: Olfaction and homing in pigeons: A problem of navigation or of motivation? Naturwissenschaften66, 269–270 (1979a)
Wallraff, H.G.: Goal-oriented and compass-oriented movements of displaced homing pigeons after confinement in differentially shielded aviaries. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.5, 201–225 (1979b)
Wallraff, H.G.: Homing strategy of pigeons and implications for the analysis of their initial orientation. Proc. XVII Int. Ornithol. Congr., Berlin 1978 (in press) (1980a)
Wallraff, H.G.: Does pigeon homing depend on stimuli perceived during displacement? I. Experiments in Germany. J. Comp. Physiol.139, 193–201 (1980b)
Wallraff, H.G., Foà, A., Ioalé, P.: Does pigeon homing depend on stimuli perceived during displacement? II. Experiments in Italy. J. Comp. Physiol.139, 203–208 (1980)
Windsor, D.M.: Regional expression of directional preferences by experienced homing pigeons. Anim. Behav.23, 335–343 (1975)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I gratefully acknowledge the possibility to maintain our pigeon loft in a building that belongs to the Zoological Institute (Prof. M. Lindauer) of the University of Würzburg. I thank B. and K. Brendle, E. Thiele, and K. Wielander for the releasing of pigeons and for other technical assistance.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wallraff, H.G. Olfaction and homing in pigeons: Nerve-section experiments, critique, hypotheses. J. Comp. Physiol. 139, 209–224 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00657083
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00657083