Summary
The functional mechanics of the forewingtwisting ofLocusta migratoria L. is described and demonstrated by means of plastic models. The upstroke-supination (“Z-profile”) is produced by elastic and aerodynamic forces only. A tonic muscle, the muscle of the axillary 3, acts as upstroke-pronator, flattening the Z-profile. The three direct wing depressor muscles (basalar muscles, subalar muscle) pronate the wing during the downstroke. The basalar muscles initiate the wing-turning at the begin of downstroke by clicking the Z-profile into a reverse clap profile. The muscle of the axillary 3 decreases the downstroke-pronation, acting in this phase as a supinator. This muscle is therefore able to increase the aerodynamical angle of attack in both wingstroke phases. The functional significance of the muscles for the control of flight is discussed.
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Pfau, H.K., Nachtigall, W. Der Vorderflügel großer Heuschrecken als Luftkrafterzeuger. J. Comp. Physiol. 142, 135–140 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00605485
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00605485