Abstract
Two new highly active esterases were detected by starch electrophoretic studies inCulex pipiens mosquitoes from the area of Montpellier (France) and from Cyprus. We demonstrate here that both the French and the Cyprus esterases B are overproduced due to amplification of the coding gene. The production of the esterase B is approximately 50- and 500-fold higher in mosquitoes from France and Cyprus, respectively, than in susceptible insects, whereas the number of gene copies is about 25 and 250. Differences of about 7- and 95-fold were also found in the degree of chlorpyrifos resistance. RFLP comparison of the amplified region containing the esterase B gene revealed large differences between French and Cyprus mosquitoes. It thus appears that two distinct haplotypes with an esterase B gene coding an enzyme with identical electrophoretic mobility have been amplified. We therefore named the haplotypes in mosquitoes from France and Cyprus B4 and B5, respectively. The estimated genetic distance between these two haplotypes is not smaller than those observed in all pair comparisons of other known esterase B haplotypes. These results are discussed in the context of amplification phenomena.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beyssat-Arnaouty, V., Mouchès, C., Georghiou, G. P., and Pasteur, N. (1989). Detection of organophosphate detoxifying esterases by dot-blot immunoassays inCulex mosquitoes.J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 5196.
Bisset, J. A., Rodriguez, M. M., Hemingway, J., Diaz, C., Small, G. J., and Ortiz, E. (1991). Malathion and pyrethroid resistance inCulex quinquefasciatus from Cuba: Efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl in the presence of at least three resistance mechanisms.Med. Vet. Entomol. 5223.
Callaghan, A. (1989).Genetic and Biochemical Studies of Elevated Esterase Electromorphs in Culex pipiens, Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London.
Curtis, C. F., and Pasteur, N. (1981). Organophosphate resistance in vector populations of the complexCulex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae).Bull. Entomol. Res. 71153.
de Stordeur, E. (1976). Esterases in the mosquitoCulex pipiens pipiens: Formal genetics and polymorphism of adult esterases.Biochem. Genet. 14481.
Finney, D. J. (1971).Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press.
Georghiou, G. P., and Pasteur, N. (1978). Electrophoretic pattern in insecticide resistant and susceptible mosquitoes.J. Econ. Entomol. 7201.
Georghiou, G. P., Metcalf, R. L., and Gidden, F. E. (1966). Carbamate resistance in mosquitoes: Selection ofCulex pipiens fatigans Wied. (=Culex quinquefasciatus) for resistance to Baygon.Bull. WHO 35691.
Georghiou, G. P., Pasteur, N., and Hawley, M. K. (1980). Linkage relationships between organophosphate resistance and a highly active esterase-B inCulex quinquefasciatus from California.J. Econ. Entomol. 73301.
Hawkes, R., Niday, F., and Gordon, J. (1982). A dot-immunobinding assay for monoclonal and other antibodies.Anal. Biochem. 119142.
Hemingway, J., Callaghan, A., and Amin, A. M. (1990). Mechanisms of organophosphate and carbamate resistance inCulex quinquefasciatus from Saudi Arabia.Med. Vet. Entomol. 4275.
Jukes, T. H., and Cantor, C. R. (1969) Evolution of protein molecules. In Munro, H. N. (ed.),Mammalian Protein Metabolism Academic Press, New York, Vol. 3, pp. 21–132.
Magnin, M. (1986).Résistance aux insecticides organophosphorés: détection, caractérisation, génétique et dynamique dans les populations naturelles. Etude du complexe Culex pipiensL. (Diptera: Culicidae) et essai d'application à Simulium damnosums.l. Theobald (Diptera: Simulidae), Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris VI, Paris.
Magnin, M., Pasteur, N., and Raymond, M. (1987). Multiple incompatibilities within populations ofCulex pipiens L. in southern France.Genetica 74125.
Magnin, M., Marboutin, E., and Pasteur, N. (1988). Insecticide resistance inCulex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in West Africa.J. Med. Entomol. 2599.
Mouchès, C., Pasteur, N., Bergé, J. B., Hyrien, O., Raymond, M., Robert de Saint Vincent, B., de Silvestri, M., and Georghiou, G. P. (1986). Amplification of an esterase gene is responsible for insecticide resistance in a CaliforniaCulex mosquito.Science 233778.
Mouchès, C., Magnin, M., Bergé, J. B., de Silvestri, M., Beyssat, V., Pasteur, N., and Georghiou, G. P. (1987). Overproduction of detoxifying esterases in organophosphate-resistant mosquitoes and their presence in other insects.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 842113.
Mouchès, C., Pauplin, Y., Agarwal, M., Lemieux, L., Herzog, M., Abadon, M., Beyssat-Arnaouty, V., Hyrien, O., Robert de Saint Vincent, B., Georghiou, G. P., and Pasteur, N. (1990). Characterization of amplification core of esterase B1 gene responsible for insecticide resistance inCulex.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 872574.
Nei, M. (1987).Molecular Evolutionnary Genetics Colombia University Press, New York.
Nei, M., and Miller, J. C. (1990). A simple method for estimating average number of nucleotide substitutions within and between populations from restriction data.Genetics 125873.
Pasteur, N. (1977).Recherches de génétique chez Culex pipiens pipiensL. Polymorphisme enzymatique, autogénèse et résistance aux insecticides organophosphorés, Thèse de doctorat d'Etat, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier.
Pasteur, N., and Georghiou, G. P. (1989). Improved filter paper test for detecting and quantifying increased esterase activity in organophosphate-resistant mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 82(2):347.
Pasteur, N., Sinègre, G., and Gabinaud, A. (1981).Est-2 andEst-3 polymorphisms inCulex pipiens L. from Southern France in relation to organophosphate resistance.Biochem. Genet. 19499.
Pasteur, N., Pasteur, G., Bonhomme, F., Catalan, J., and Britton-Davidian, J. (1988).Practical Isozyme Genetics Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
Prabhaker, N., Georghiou, G. P., and Pasteur, N. (1987). Genetic association between highly active esterases and organophosphate resistance inCulex tarsalis.J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 3473.
Prabhaker, N., Coudriet, D. L., and Toscano, N. C. (1988). Effects of synergists on organophosphate and permethrin resistance in Sweetpotato Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 81(1):34.
Raymond, M. (1985). Présentation d'un programme “Basic” d'analyse log-probit pour microordinateur.Cah. ORSTOM sér. Entomol. Méd. Parasitol. 23117.
Raymond, M., Fournier, D., Bride, J. M., Cuany, A., Bergé, J. B., Magnin, M., and Pasteur, N. (1986). Identification of resistance mechanisms inCulex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from southern France: Insensitive acetylcholinesterase and detoxifying oxidases.J. Econ. Entomol. 791452.
Raymond, M., Pasteur, N., Georghiou, G. P., Mellon, R. B., Wirth, M. C., and Hawley, M. (1987). Detoxification esterases new to California in organophosphate resistantCulex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).J. Med. Entomol. 2424.
Raymond, M., Beyssat-Arnaouty, V., Sivasubramanian, N., Mouchès, C., Georghiou, G. P., and Pasteur, N. (1989). Diversity of the amplification of various esterases B responsible for organophosphate resistance inCulex mosquitoes.Biochem. Genet. 27417.
Raymond, M., Callaghan, A., Fort, P., and Pasteur, N. (1991). Worldwide migration of amplified insecticide resistance genes in mosquitoes.Nature 350151.
Saitou, N., and Nei, M. (1987). The Neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.Mol. Biol. Evol. 4(4):406.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989).Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., and Gordon, J. (1979). Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 764350.
Villani, F., White, J. B., Curtis, C. F., and Miles, S. J. (1983). Inheritance and activity of some esterases associated with organophosphate resistance in mosquitoes of the complex ofCulex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae).Bull. Entomol. Res. 23154.
Villani, F., Urbanelli, S., Gad, A., Nudelman, S., and Bullini, L. (1986). Electrophoretic variations ofCulex pipiens from Egypt and Israel.Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2949.
Wirth, M. C., Marquine, M., Georghiou, G. P., and Pasteur, N. (1990). Esterases A2 and B2 inCulex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae): Role in organophosphate resistance and linkage studies.J. Med. Entomol. 7202.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported in part by Grant 89.1540 from the Ministère de l'Education Nationale and by the CNRS/Programme Environnement.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Poirié, M., Raymond, M. & Pasteur, N. Identification of two distinct amplifications of the esterase B locus inCulex pipiens (L.) mosquitoes from mediterranean countries. Biochem Genet 30, 13–26 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00554424
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00554424