Summary
Data from 44 plant communities of the arid zone of western North America and from the entire California flora suggest that the dioecious habit (separate sexed individuals) is best developed among wind pollinated woody plants. A rationale is presented for the ways in which wind pollination and large plant size have favored the development of the dioecious habit. Based upon the patterns examined, it is concluded that inbreeding depression alone is insufficient to account for the evolution of the dioecious habit in many temperate species.
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Carl Freeman, D., Harper, K.T. & Kent Ostler, W. Ecology of plant dioecy in the intermountain region of Western North America and California. Oecologia 44, 410–417 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00545246
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00545246