Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals

II. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies

  • Published:
Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Seven fringing reef complexes were chosen along the leeward coast (west) of Barbados to study the effects of eutrophication processes upon the scleractinian coral assemblages. The structure of scleractinian coral communities was studied along an eutrophication gradient with a quantitative sampling method (line transect) in terms of species composition, zonation and diversity patterns. On the basis of these data the fringing reefs were divided into three ecological zones: back reef, reef flat, and spur and groove. Statistically discernible and biologically significant differences in scleractinian coral community structure, benthic algal cover and Diadema antillarum Philippi densities were recorded among the seven fringing reefs. High correlations between environmental variables and biotic patterns indicate that the effects of eutrophication processes (nutrient enrichment, sedimentation, turbidity, toxicity and bacterial activity) were directly and/or indirectly affecting the community structure of scleractinian coral assemblages. In general, species diversity was most sensitive in delineating among-reef, and among-zone, differences, which were attributed to intensification of eutrophication processes. Porites astreoides Lamarck, P. porites (Pallas), Siderastrea radians (Pallas), and Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus) were the most abundant coral species in the polluted southern reefs. The absence and/or low abundance of coral species previously characterized as well adapted to high turbidity and sedimentation [i.e. Montastrea cavernosa Linnaeus, Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus)] indicate that eutrophication processes may adversely affect these species. It is suggested that sediment rejection abilities, combined with feeding and reproductive strategies, are the primary biological processes of scleractinian corals through which eutrophication processes directly and/or indirectly affect the structure of coral communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature cited

  • Aller, R. C. and R. E. Dodge: Animal-sediment relations in a tropical lagoon — Discovery Bay, Jamaica. J. mar. Res. 32, 209–232 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonius, A.: Coral reef pathology: a review. Proc. 4th int. Symp. coral Reefs, vol. 2. pp 3–6. Ed. by E. D. Gomez, C. E. Birkeland, R. W. Buddemeier, R. J. Johannes, J. A. Marsh, Jr. and R. T. Tsuda. Manila: Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Bak, R. P. M.: Lethal and sublethal effects of dredging on reef corals. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9, 14–16 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bak, R. P. M. and J. H. B. W. Elgershuizen: Patterns of oilsediment rejection in corals. Mar. Biol. 37, 105–113 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Banner, A. H.: Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: Urban pollution and a coral reef ecosystem. Proc. 2nd int. Symp. coral Reefs, vol. 2. pp 682–702 Ed. by A. M. Cameron, B. M. Campbell, A. B. Cribb, R. Endean, J. S. Jell, O. A. Jones, P. Mather and F. H. Talbot. Brisbane: The Great Barrier Reef Committee 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland, C.: The importance of rate of biomass accumulation in early successional stages of benthic communities to the survival of coral recruits. Proc. 3rd int. Symp. coral Reefs, pp 15–21. Ed. by D. L. Taylor. Miami: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchon, C.: Quantitative study of the scleractinian coral communities on a fringing reef of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 4, 273–288 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. E. P., W. G. Hunter and J. C. Hunter: Statistics for experimenters: an introduction to design, data analysis and model building, 653 pp. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Brillouin, L.: Science and information theory 347 pp. New York: Academic Press 1962

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, V. E., R. S. Jones and P. Helfrich: An ecological reconnaissance of Johnston Island and the effects of dredging. Technical Report no. 5, Hawaii Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii 1965

  • Brown, B. E. and M. C. Holley: Metal levels associated with tin dredging and smelting and their effect upon intertidal reef flats at Ko Phuket, Thailand. Coral Reefs 1, 131–137 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. E. and L. S. Howard: Assessing the effects of “stress” on reef corals. In: Advances in marine biology, vol. 22, pp 1–63. Ed. by J. H. S. Blaxter and M. Yonge. Toronto: Academic Press 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutter, R. I.: Subtle effects of pollution on inshore tropical plankton. In: Marine pollution and sea life, pp 435–439. Ed. by M. Ruvio. Surrey, England: Fishing News Books 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortes, J. N. and M. J. Risk: A reef under siltation stress: Cahuita, Costa Rica. Bull. mar. Sci. 36, 339–356 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotter, P. J.: A comparative study of three reef fish populations and their relationship to fringing reef structures on the west coast of Barbados, West Indies, 166 pp. M.Sc. thesis. McGill University, Canada 1984

  • Dallmeyer, D. G., J. W. Porter and G. J. Smith: Effects of particulate peat on behavior and physiology of the Jamaican reefbuilding coral Montastrea annularis. Mar. Biol. 68, 229–233 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, T. F.: Species-number relationships in an assemblage of reef building corals: McKean Island, Phoenix Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 228, 1–27 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, W. R. and M. Goldstein: Multivariate analysis: methods and applications, 587 pp. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, R. E., R. C. Aller and J. Thompson: Coral growth related to resuspension of bottom sediments. Nature, Lond. 247, 574–577 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, R. E., A. Logan and A. Antonius: Quantitative reef assessment studies in Bermuda: a comparison of methods and preliminary results. Bull. mar. Sci. 32, 745–760 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, R. E. and J. R. Vaisnys: Coral populations and growth patterns: response to sedimentation and turbidity associated with dredging. J. mar. Res. 35, 715–730 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollar, S. J. and R. W. Grigg: Impact of kaolin clay spill on a coral reef in Hawaii. Mar. Biol. 65, 269–276 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Done, T. J.: A comparison of units of cover in ecological classification of coral communities. Proc. 3rd int. Symp. coral Reefs, pp 9–14. Ed. by D. L. Taylor. Miami: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducklow, H. W. and R. Mitchell: Composition of mucus released by coral reef coelenterates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 706–714 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah, Y. H.: Sexual reproduction, development and larval biology in scleractinian corals: a review. Coral Reefs 2, 129–150 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishelson, L.: Ecology of coral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) influenced by pollution. Oecologia (Berl.) 12, 55–67 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, E. H.: A general formulation of stress phenomena in ecological systems. In: Stress effects on natural ecosystems, pp 49–54. Ed. by G. W. Barrett and R. Rosenberg. Chichester, New York: John Wiley and Sons 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, P. and H. Ducklow: Coral diseases in Bermuda. Nature, Lond. 253, 349–350 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, P. M., M. Perez and S. L. Gilchrist: Lipid decline in stressed corals and their crustacean symbionts. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 14, 276–284 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, W. M.: The ecology of the coral octocoral communities off the southeast Florida coast: geomorphology, species composition and zonation. Bull. mar. Sci. 23, 465–488 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau, N. I., T. H. Goreau and R. L. Hayes: Settling, survivorship and spatial aggregation in planulae and juveniles of the coral Porites porites (Pallas). Bull. mar. Sci. 31, 424–435 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. H.: Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists, 257 pp. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. H. and G. L. Vascotto: A method for the analysis of environmental factors controlling patterns of species composition in aquatic communities. Water Res. 12, 583–590 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, C. M.: Ecological energetics of the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Phillipi in Barbados, West Indies, 179 pp. Ph.D. thesis. McGill University, Canada 1979

  • Hawkins, C. M. and J. B. Lewis: Benthic primary production on a fringing coral reef in Barbados, West Indies. Aquat. Bot. 12, 355–363 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A. E. B. and Y. P. P. Pocock: Sediment rejection by recent scleractinian corals: a key to paleo-environmental reconstruction. Geol. Rundsch. 61, 598–626 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P. and J. B. C. Jackson: Do corals lie about their age? Some demographic consequences of partial mortality, fission and fusion. Science, N.Y. 209, 713–715 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, S. H.: The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology 52, 577–586 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanovici, A. M. and W. J. Wiebe: Towards a working ‘definition’ of ‘stress’: a review and critique. In: Stress effects on natural ecosystems, pp 13–27. Ed. by G. W. Barrett and R. Rosenberg. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, R. E.: Coral reefs and pollution. In: Marine pollution and sea life, pp 364–371. Ed. by M. Ruvio. London: Fishing News Books 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, R. E.: Pollution and degradation of coral reef communities. In: Tropical marine pollution, pp 13–51. Ed. by F. E. J. Wood and R. E. Johannes. Elsevier Oceanography Series 12. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokiel, P. L. and S. L. Coles: Effects of heated effluent on hermatypic corals at Kahe Point, Oahu. Pacif. Sci. 28, 1–18 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, J. J. Jr., E. N. Powell, S. J. Conner, T. J. Bright and C. E. Zastrow: Effects of turbidity on calcification rate, protein concentration and the free amino acid pool of the coral Acropora cervicornis. Mar. Biol. 87, 33–46 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, D. W. and P. J. Davies: Effects of elevated nitrogen and phosphorus on coral reef growth. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 935–940 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, D. W. and A. Domm: Effects of fertilization on a coral reef environment — primary production studies. Proc. 2nd int. Symp. coral Reefs, pp 49–66. Ed. by A. M. Cameron, B. M. Campbell, A. B. Cribb, R. Endean, J. S. Jell, O. A. Jones, P. Mather and F. H. Talbot. Brisbane: The Great Barrier Reef Committee 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupp, D. A.: Mucus production by corals exposed during an extreme low tide. Pacif. Sci. 38, 1–11 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasker, H. R.: Sediment rejection by reef corals: the role of behaviour and morphology in Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 47, 77–87 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws, E. A. and D. G. Redalje: Effects of sewage enrichment on the phytoplankton population in a subtropical estuary. Pacif Sci. 33, 129–144 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. B.: The coral reefs and coral communities of Barbados, West Indies. Can. J. Zool. 38, 1133–1145 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. B.: The formation of mucus envelopes by hermatypic corals of the genus Porites. Carib. J. Sci. 13, 3–4 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. B.: The settlement behavior of planulae larvae of the hermatypic coral Favia fragum (Esper). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 57, 278–289 (1974a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. B.: Settlement and growth factors influencing the contagious distribution of some Atlantic reef corals. Proc. 2nd int. Symp. coral Reefs, vol 2, pp 201–206. Ed. by A. M. Cameron, B. M. Campbell, A. B. Cribb, R. Endean, J. S. Jell, O. A. Jones, P. Mather and F. H. Talbot. Brisbane: The Great Barrier Reef Committee 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. B.: The Acropora inheritance: a reinterpretation of the development of fringing reefs in Barbados, West Indies. Coral Reefs 3, 117–122 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. B.: Groundwater discharge onto coral reefs, Barbados West Indies. Proc. 5th int. Symp. coral Reefs, Tahiti, 1985 (In press)

  • Lewis, J. B. and W. S. Price: Feeding mechanisms and feeding strategies of Atlantic reef corals. J. Zool., Lond. 176, 527–544 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y.: Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Mar. Biol. 13, 100–123 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y.: Possible effects of water pollution on the community structure of Red Sea corals. Mar. Biol. 29, 177–185 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y.: Effects of water turbidity and sedimentation on the community structure of Puerto-Rican corals. Bull. mar. Sci. 26, 450–466 (1976a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y.: Recolonization of Red Sea corals affected by natural catastrophes and man-made perturbations. Ecology 57, 278–289 (1976b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y.: Plotless and transect methods. In: Coral reefs: research methods, pp 197–217. Ed. by D. R. Stoddart and R. E. Johannes. Paris: UNESCO 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y. and L. Slobodkin: The coral reefs of Eilat (Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea). Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. 28, 117–140 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, I. G.: Prenminary mapping of the insular shelf off the west coast of Barbados, W. I. Caribb. J. Sci. 8, 95–100 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mah, A. J.: The effect of Hurricane Allen on the Bellairs fringing reef, Barbados, 213 pp. M.Sc. thesis. McGill University, Montreal, Canada 1984

  • Mahoney, J. B. and J. J. A. McLaughlin: The association of phytoflagellate blooms in lower New York Bay with hypereutrophication. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 28, 53–65 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos, J. E.: A study of the ecology of Hawaiian reef corals, 290 pp. Ph.D. thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu 1972

  • Maragos, M.: Coral communities on a seaward reef slope, Fanning Island. Pacif. Sci. 28, 257–278 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos, J. E. and K. E. Chave: Stress and interference of man in the bay. In: Atlas of Kaneohe Bay: a reef ecosystem under stress, pp 119–123. Ed. by S. V. Smith, K. E. Chave and D. T. O. Kam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R.: Temporal succession and spatial heterogeneity in phytoplankton. In: Perspectives in marine biology, pp 323–349. Ed. by A. A. Buzzati-Traverso. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. California Press 1958

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, L. R. and R. H. Chesher: Effects of man-made pollution on the dynamics of coral reefs. In: Scientists in the sea, vol. 6, pp 229–237. Ed. by J. W. Miller, J. G. van der Walker and R. A. Waller. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. and I. Chet: Bacterial attack of corals in polluted seawater. Microb. Ecol. 2, 227–233 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S. P., H. H. Roberts, D. Colon and G. M. Rudder: Nearshore current fields around coral islands: control of sediment accumulation and reef growth. Proc. 3rd int. Symp. coral Reefs, pp 53–59. Ed. by D. L. Taylor. Miami: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P., J. T. Finn and E. H. Franz: Perturbation theory and subsidy-stress gradient. BioScience 29, 349–352 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J. C.: Some aspects of herbivore-plant relationships on Carribbean reefs and seagrass beds. Aquat. Bot. 2, 103–116 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, B.: Quantitative analysis of community pattern and structure on a coral bank reef in Barbados, West Indies, 156 pp. Ph.D. thesis. McGill University, Canada 1975a

  • Ott, B.: Community patterns on a submerged barrier reef at Barbados, West Indies. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 60, 719–736 (1975b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, B. and A. N. Auclair: Cluster analytic definition of species ecological group for a submerged barrier reef in Barbados, West Indies. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 62, 41–51 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastorok, R. A. and G. R. Bilyard: Effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21, 175–189 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, E. C.: A survey of cellular reactions to environmental stress and disease in Caribbean scleractinian corals. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 37, 113–137 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, A. D.: Introduction: the concept of biological stress. Chapter 1. In: Stress and fish 367 pp. Ed. by A. D. Pickering. Toronto, London: Academic Press 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C.: Shannon's formula as a measure of specific diversity: its use and misuse. Am. Nat. 100, 463–465 (1966a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C.: The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. theoret. Biol. 13, 131–144 (1966b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C.: Mathematical ecology, 385 pp. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, R. W.: An introduction to quantitative ecology, 532 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. W.: Patterns of species diversity in Caribbean reef corals. Ecology 53, 745–748 (1972a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. W.: Ecology and species diversity of coral reefs on opposite sides of Isthmus of Panama. Bull. biol. Soc. Wash. 2, 89–116 (1972b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, A. A. (Ed.): SAS user's guide: statistics, 584 pp. Cary, N.C.: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute 1982a

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, A. A. (Ed.): SAS user's guide: basics, 923 pp. Cary, N.C.: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute 1982b

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. S.: The effects of shading on coral reef structure and function. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 41, 269–288 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. S.: Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 14, 378–382 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. S., M. Gilnack and H. C. Fitz: Monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects: a study of storm damage. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 66, 285–300 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B. R.: The tropical diversity enigma — the coral eye view. In: The evolving biosphere, pp 103–129. Ed. by P. L. Forey. London and New York: Cambridge University Press 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Rublee, P. A., H. R. Lasker, M. Gottfried and M. R. Roman: Production and bacterial colonization of mucus from soft coral Briarium asbestinum. Bull. mar. Sci. 30, 888–893 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoffin, T. P., C. W. Stearn, D. Boucher, P. Frydl, C. M. Hawkins, I. G. Hunter and J. K. MacGeachy: Calcium carbonate budget of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados. Part II —erosion, sediments and internal structure. Bull. mar. Sci. 30, 475–508 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver: The mathematical theory of communication, 117 pp. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1949

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, C. R. C.: Coral fauna of Diego Garcia lagoon following harbour construction. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 11, 227–230 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, E. H.: Measurement of diversity. Nature, Lond. 163, 688 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. V., W. J. Kimmerer, E. A. Laws, R. E. Brock and T. W. Walsh: Kaneohe Bay sewage diversion experiment: perspectives on ecosystem responses to nutritional perturbation. Pacif. Sci. 35, 279–407 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin, Y. I.: Role of microflora in the metabolism and productivity of Hawaii reefs. Oceanology 13, 262–267 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearn, C. W. and R. Riding: Forms of the hydrozoan Millepora on a Recent coral reef. Lethaia 6, 187–200 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearn, C. W., T. P. Scoffin and W. Martindale: Calcium carbonate budget of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados. Part I. Zonation and productivity. Bull. mar. Sci. 27, 479–510 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbing, A. R. D.: Stress, health and homeostasis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12, 326–329 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchanek, H. T.: Control of seagrass communities and sediment distribution by Callianassa (Crustacea, Thalassinidae) bioturbation. J. mar. Res. 41, 281–298 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomascik, T. and F. Sander: Effects of eutrophication of reefbuilding corals. I. Growth rate of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis. Mar. Biol. 87, 143–155 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeulen, J. H. and L. Muscatine: Influence of symbiotic algae on calcification in reef corals: critique and progress report. In: Symbiosis in the sea, pp 1–19. Ed. by N. B. Venberg. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, D. I. and R. F. G. Ormond: Coral death from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13, 21–25 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zar, J. H.: Biostatistical analysis, 718 pp. Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1984

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bellairs Research Institute of McGill University, St. James, Barbados, West Indies

    T. Tomascik

  2. Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada

    F. Sander

Authors
  1. T. Tomascik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. Sander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Communicated by R. W. Doyle, Halifax

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tomascik, T., Sander, F. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. Mar. Biol. 94, 53–75 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392900

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392900

Keywords

Search

Navigation