Summary
Active sulfotransferase can be extracted from spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) leaves (and other higher plants) using a buffer system containing 0.1 M KCl and thiol reagents. This sulfotransferase is labile, it can, however, be stabilized by storage in 70% ammonium sulfate containing 10 mM mercaptoethanol. This extract will reduce labelled adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to acid-volatile radioactivity when dithioerythrol is added. The reduction from PAPS requires magnesium chloride and is inhibited by calcium chloride and sodium fluoride, whereas these chemicals have little effect on the APS-sulfotransferase activity. The reduction rates from both nucleotides are stimulated by increasing ionic strength and are inhibited by phosphate and cyanide. In the presence of non-labelled APS the acid-volatile radioactivity distilled from [35S] PAPS is drastically reduced, whereas the opposite experiment using [35S] APS in the presence of non-labelled PAPS has little effect. This indicates that APS is an obligatory intermediate in the conversion of [35S] PAPS to acid-volatile radioactivity. It is therefore concluded that the sulfotransferase from spinach is specific for APS. Activity with APS as sulfur-donor was found in 5 other plants in addition to spinach: Pennisetum, Zea (Gramineae); Brassica (Cruciferae); Helianthus (Compositae); and Vicia (Papilionaceae). These experiments demonstrate the use of APS for assimilatory sulfate reduction in higher plants. This has been shown previously for the green alga Chlorella.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- APS:
-
Adenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate
- PAPS:
-
3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate
- DTE:
-
Dithioerythrol
References
Asahi, T.: Sulfur metabolism in higher plants. IV. Mechanism of sulfate reduction in chloroplasts. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 82, 58–66 (1964)
Brunngraber, E. F., Chargaff, E.: Purification and properties of a nucleotide phosphotransferase from carrot. J. biol. Chem. 242, 4834–4840 (1967)
Brunngraber, E. F., Chargaff, E.: A nucleotide phosphotransferase from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 12, 3005–3012 (1973a)
Brunngraber, E. F., Chargaff, E.: Nicotine adenine dinucleotide as substrate of the nucleotide phosphotransferase from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 12, 3012–3016 (1973b)
Burnell, J. N., Anderson, J. W.: Adenosine-5′-sulphatokinase activity in spinach leaf tissue. Biochem. J. 134, 565–579 (1973)
Ellis, R. J.: Sulphate activation in higher plants. Planta (Berl.) 88, 34–42 (1969)
Hilz, H., Kittler, M., Knappe, G.: Die Reduktion von Sulfat in der Hefe. Biochem. Z. 332, 151–166 (1959)
Hodson, R. C., Schiff, J. A., Scarsella, A. J., Levinthal, M.: Studies of sulfate utilization by algae. 6. Adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as an intermediate in thiosulfate formation from sulfate by cell-free extracts of Chlorella. Plant Physiol. 43, 563–569 (1968)
Hodson, R. C., Schiff, J. A.: Preparation of adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS): An improved enzymatic method using Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 132, 151–156 (1969)
Hodson, R. C., Schiff, J. A.: Studies of sulfate utilization by algae. 9. Fractionation of a cell-free system from Chlorella into two activities necessary for the reduction of adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate to acid-volatile radioactivity. Plant Physiol. 47, 300–305 (1971)
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. J., Randall, R. J.: Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem. 193, 265–275 (1951)
Pasternak, C. A., Ellis, R. J., Jones-Mortimer, M. C., Crichton, C. E.: The control of sulphate reduction in bacteria. Biochem. J. 96, 270–275 (1965)
Patterson, M. S., Greene, R. C.: Measurement of low energy beta-emitters in aqueous solution by liquid scintillation counting of emulsions. Anal. Chem. 37, 854–857 (1965)
Schiff, J. A., Hodson, R. C.: The metabolism of sulfate. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 24, 381–414 (1973)
Schmidt, A.: Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus der photosynthetischen Sulfatreduktion isolierter Chloroplasten. Thesis, Göttingen 1968
Schmidt, A.: An APS-sulfotransferase from Chlorella. Arch. mikrobiol. 84, 77–86 (1972a)
Schmidt, A.: Uber Teilreaktionen der photosynthetischen Sulfatreduktion in zellfreien Systemen aus Spinatchloroplasten und Chlorella. Z. Naturforsch. 27b, 183–192 (1972b)
Schmidt, A., Abrams, W. R., Schiff, J. A.: Studies of sulfate utilization by algae. Reduction of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) to cysteine in extracts from Chlorella and mutants blocked for sulfate reduction. Europ. J. Biochem. 47, 423–434 (1974)
Schmidt, A., Schwenn, J. D.: On the mechanism of photosynthetic sulfate reduction. Second. Internat. Congr. on Photosynthesis, Stresa, 507–513 (1971)
Schmidt, A., Trebst, A.: The mechanism of photosynthetic sulfate reduction by isolated chloroplasts. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 180, 529–535 (1969)
Tsang, M. L., Schiff, J. A.: A comparison of the enzymology of sulfate reduction in Chlorella and E. coli. Plant Physiol. 53, S-66 (1974)
Tsang, M. L., Schiff, J. A.: Distribution of adenosine-5-phosphosulfate (APS) and adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) sulfotransferases in assimilatory sulfate reducers. Biol. Bull. 147, 502 (1974)
Trebst, A., Schmidt, A.: Photosynthetic sulfate and sulfite reduction by isolated chloroplasts. In: Progress in photosynthesis research, vol. III, p. 1510–1516. Ed. H. Metzner: Tübingen 1969
Wells, G. N., Hagemann, R. B.: Specificity for nicotinamide adenine dinucleatide by nitrate reductases from leaves. Plant Physiol. 54, 136–141 (1974)
Wilson, L. G., Asahi, T., Bandurski, R. S.: Yeast sulfate-reducing system. I. Reduction of sulfate to sulfite. J. biol. Chem. 236, 1822–1829 (1961)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schmidt, A. A sulfotransferase from spinach leaves using adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate. Planta 124, 267–275 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388689
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388689