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Interneurons in the central nervous system of flies and the start of flight

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Summary

  1. 1.

    The mesothoracic legs provide the major thrust for the jump which occurs at the beginning of flight. However, Calliphora vicina missing their mesothoracic legs can still jump. They do not jump as well as flies missing only the metathoracic legs, and neither class of amputees jumps as well as intact animals.

  2. 2.

    The tergotrochanteral muscles of C. vicina are the principle extensors of the mesothoracic legs, and are innervated by one motor neuron each (Fig. 1). These motor neurons are driven by a pair of interneurons, which originate in the supraoesophageal ganglion and descend through the cervical nerve cord to synapse with the motor neurons in the thorax (Figs. 2, 3B, 3C). These interneurons can be stimulated electrically in the optic lobes of the brain (Fig. 3A). Together with the tergotrochanteral motor neurons, these interneurons are homologous with the giant fibers described by Power (1948).

  3. 3.

    These same interneurons innervate motor neurons of extensors of the metathoracic legs (Fig. 2), and perhaps other units. The actual muscles involved have not been identified.

  4. 4.

    The innervation of the tergotrochanteral muscles and the observations on the jumping ability of flies missing various legs support the idea that these muscles are the main starter of the flight motor.

Zusammenfassung

  1. 1.

    Die mesothorakalen Beine veranlassen den Hauptstoß für den Sprung zu Beginn des Fluges. Jedoch können Calliphora vicina auch ohne mesothorakale Beine noch springen. Sie springen nicht so gut wie Fliegen, denen nur die metathorakalen Beine fehlen; jedoch springen amputierte niemals so gut wie unversehrte Tiere.

  2. 2.

    Die tergotrochanteralen Muskeln von C. vicina sind die Hauptstreckmuskeln der mesothorakalen Beine und werden von je einem Motoneuron innerviert (Abb. 1). Diese Motoneurone werden von einem Paar Interneuronen angetrieben, die im Gehirn beginnen, in das Cervicalkonnektiv übergehen und mit den Motoneuronen im Thorax eine Synapse bilden (Abb. 2, 3B, 3C). Die Interneuronen können in den Sehlappen des Gehirns elektrisch gereizt werden (Abb. 3A). So wie die tergotrochanteralen Motoneurone sind diese Interneurone homolog zu den Riesenfasern, die von Power beschrieben worden sind (1948).

  3. 3.

    Dieselben Interneurone innervieren die Motoneurone der Streckmuskeln der metathorakalen Beine (Abb. 2) und vielleicht noch andere Einheiten. Die wirklich beteiligten Muskeln wurden noch nicht festgestellt.

  4. 4.

    Die Innervation der tergotrochanteralen Muskeln und das Beobachten der Springfähigkeit von Fliegen, denen verschiedene Beine fehlen, unterstützen die Annahme, daß diese Muskeln der Starter für den Flugmotor sind.

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Supported by an NIH predoctoral fellowship and by NIH grant number NB07631. The author thanks Prof. D. M. Wilson for his patience and for the help which he has given him throughout this work. Dr. D. Kennedy, Dr. D. R. Bentley, Dr. Ronald Hoy, Dr. David Godden, Dr. Earl Mayeri, and Mr. Malcolm Zaretsky criticized the manuscript. Miss Bärbel Böttger translated the Zusammenfassung.

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Mulloney, B. Interneurons in the central nervous system of flies and the start of flight. Z. vergl. Physiologie 64, 243–253 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00340545

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00340545

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