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Validation of the in vivo somatic mutation method in the mouse as a prescreen for germinal point mutations

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Abstract

The in-vivo somatic mutation method developed by us in an earlier X-ray experiment was tested for its usefulness in chemical mutagenesis work, specifically in the prescreening for germinal point mutations. In order to explore possible parallelisms, the 7 compounds chosen for study, as well as the genetic markers used, were those with which large-scale specific-locus mutation-rate experiments in germcells had been conducted in the past or were in progress. From 1–3 dose levels were tested for each compound. On day 101/4 after copulation of C57BL females with T males, a single injection of the test compound was administered, and about 2000 offspring altogether were subsequently scored for survival, morphology, and presence of spots of various types.

In accordance with our earlier results we found 3 types of spots: white nearmidline ventral spots (WMVS) which probably result from killing of melanocyte precursor cells; spots resulting from misdifferentiation; and the remainder, which probably result from expression of the recessive by one of several mechanisms (RS). Induction of teratogenic effects, which were stage-specific rather than agent-specific, generally paralleled induction of WMVS's. Both are interpreted as resulting from cell killing. Induction of RS's did not always parallel induction of WMVS's, but roughly paralleled relative frequencies of specific-locus mutations induced in spermatogonia by the same compounds. Even though the in vivo somatic-mutation method probably detects genetic changes additional to point mutations, the results indicate that it may be a useful prescreen for germinal specific-locus mutations, provided care is taken to distinguish between the 3 types of spots, only one of which (RS) is indicative of expression of the recessive.

Zusammenfassung

Die in vivo-Methode der Induktion somatischer Mutationen, die wir in einem früheren Röntgenstrahlen-Versuch entwickelten, wurde auf ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeit auf dem Gebiet der Chemomutagenese im Hinblick auf ihre Eignung als „Screening“-Test für Punktmutationen in Keimzellen untersucht.

Um festzustellen, ob Parallelen zwischen diesem Testsystem und dem „Specific locus“-Test bestehen, wurden 7 Prüfsubstanzen und genetische Marker ausgewählt, für die in der letzten Zeit umfangreiche Untersuchungen über die Mutationsrate in Keimzellen im Rahmen von spezifischen Locus-Testen durchgeführt wurden oder noch laufen. Pro Substanz wurden 1–3 Dosierungen getestet. C57BL-Weibchen erhielten 101/4 Tage nach der Paarung mit T-Männchen eine einmalige Injektion der jeweiligen Testsubstanz. Insgesamt wurden ca. 2000 F1-Tiere auf Überlebensrate, Morphologie und Fellflecke verschiedener Art untersucht.

Übereinstimmend mit unseren früheren Untersuchungen wurden drei verschiedene Arten von Fellflecken gefunden: Weiße ventrale nahe der Mittellinie gelegene Flecke (WMVS), die wahrscheinlich auf das Absterben von Melanocyten-Vorläufer-Zellen zurückzuführen sind; Flecke, die auf Störungen bei der Differenzierung zurückzuführen sind und einen dritten Typ, der wahrscheinlich auf der Expression eines rezessiven Gens durch einen von mehreren Mechanismen beruht (RS). Generell verlief die Induktion teratogener Effekte, die mehr Stadienspezifisch als Substanz-spezifisch waren, der Induktion von WMVS's parallel. Beide werden als Folge des Absterbens von Zellen gedeutet. Die Induktion von RS's verlief nicht stets parallel zur Induktion von WMVS's, zeigte jedoch gewisse Parallelen zur relativen Häufigkeit von durch dieselben Substanzen in Spermatogonien hervorgerufenen „Specific locus“-Mutationen. Obwohl die „in vivo somatic mutation method“ möglicherweise zusätzlich zu Punktmutationen noch andere genetische Mutationen erfaßt, deuten die Befunde doch darauf hin, daß diese Methode als „Screening“-Test auf „Specific locus“-Mutationen in Keimzellen geeignet sein könnte. Voraussetzung hierfür ist, daß sorgfältig zwischen den 3 Fellflecktypen unterschieden wird, von denen nur der RS-Typ ein Indiz für die Expression eines rezessiven Mechanismus darstellt.

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Research sponsored by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation

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Brauch Russell, L. Validation of the in vivo somatic mutation method in the mouse as a prescreen for germinal point mutations. Arch. Toxicol. 38, 75–85 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00293665

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