Summary
The distribution of anterogradely-transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was examined in the rostral mesencephalon and thalamus of cats and raccoons that had received injections of HRP in the cervical and/or lumbosacral enlargements of the spinal cord. Labeling was consistently observed in a large number of loci. All regions previously identified as targets of spinomesencephalic or spinothalamic fibers were included. Evidence of topographical organization was obtained in several regions. Adjacent fields of labeling were often separable on the basis of the distribution, appearance and topographical organization of the labeling. Subject to the methodological constraints imposed by the possibilities of transneuronal and/or collateral labeling, we conclude that a wide variety of loci in the thalamus receive direct spinal input. The organization of these projections suggests that each terminal region may be associated with different aspects of spinal cord function.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- A:
-
anterior pretectal nucleus
- AD:
-
anterodorsal n.
- AM:
-
anteromedial n.
- AV:
-
anteroventral n.
- CeM:
-
centromedial n.
- CD:
-
centrodorsal n. (raccoon)
- CL:
-
centrolateral n.
- CM:
-
centre median
- H:
-
habenula
- L n.a:
-
limitans
- LD:
-
laterodorsal n.
- LG:
-
lateral geniculate
- LGv:
-
lateral geniculate, ventral subnucleus
- LP:
-
lateral posterior n.
- LPvi:
-
lateral posterior n., ventral intermediate part
- M:
-
medial pretectal n.
- mc:
-
medial geniculate, magnocellular subnucleus
- MD:
-
mediodorsal n.
- MG:
-
medial geniculate
- ML:
-
medial lemniscus
- N:
-
pretectal nucleus of the optic tract
- nBIC:
-
n. of the brachium of the inferior colliculus
- O:
-
olivary pretectal n.
- OT:
-
optic tract
- P:
-
posterior nucleus of Rioch
- Pc:
-
paracentral n.
- Pf:
-
parafascicular n.
- PO:
-
posterior group of thalamus
- PP:
-
posterior pretectal n.
- Pt:
-
parataenial n.
- Pul:
-
pulvinar
- Pv:
-
paraventricular n. of thalamus
- R:
-
reticular n.
- Re:
-
n. reuniens
- Rh:
-
rhomboid n.
- RN:
-
red nucleus
- SG:
-
suprageniculate n.
- Sm:
-
n. submedius
- SN:
-
substantia nigra
- Spf:
-
subparafascicular n.
- Tg:
-
mesencephalic tegmentum
- VA:
-
ventroanterior n.
- VP:
-
ventroposterior thalamus (i.e. VPM, VPI, and VPL)
- VL:
-
ventrolateral n.
- VM:
-
ventromedial n.
- VMb:
-
ventromedial n., basal part
- VPI:
-
ventroposteroinferior n.
- VPL1a:
-
ventroposterolateral n., lateral part
- VPLm:
-
ventroposterolateral n., medial part
- VPM:
-
ventroposteromedial n.
- ZI:
-
zona incerta
References
Akert K, Hartmann-von Monakow K, Künzle H (1979) Projection of precentral motor cortex upon nucleus medialis thalami in the monkey. Neurosci Lett 11: 103–106.
Anderson FD, Berry CM (1959) Degeneration studies of long ascending fiber systems in the cat brain stem. J Comp Neurol 111: 195–229.
Andersson SA, Landgren S, Wolsk D (1966) The thalamic relay and cortical projection of group I muscle afferents from the forelimb of the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 183: 576–591.
Applebaum AE, Leonard RB, Kenshalo DR Jr, Martin RF, Willis WD (1979) Nuclei in which functionally identified spinothalamic tract neurons terminate. J Comp Neurol 188: 575–586.
Asanuma C, Thach WT, Jones EG (1983) Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Res Rev 5: 237–265.
Avanzini G, Spreafico R, Broggi G, Giovannini P, Franceschetti S (1977) Topographic distribution of visual and somesthetic unitary responses in the PUL-LP complex of the cat. Neurosci Lett 4: 135–143.
Berkley KJ (1973) Response properties of cells in the ventrobasal and posterior group nuclei of the cat. J Neurophysiol 36: 940–952.
Berkley KJ (1980) Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory and motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. I. Ascending somatic sensory inputs to lateral diencephalon. J Comp Neurol 193: 283–317.
Bharos TB, Kuypers HGJM, Lemon RN, Muir RB (1981) Divergent collaterals from deep cerebellar neurons to thalamus and tectum, and to medualla oblongata and spinal cord: retrograde fluorescent and electrophysiological studies. Exp Brain Res 42: 399–410.
Boivie J (1971) The termination of the spinothalamic tract in cat: an experimental study with silver impregnation methods. Exp Brain Res 12: 331–353.
Boivie J (1979) An anatomical reinvestigation of the termination of the spinothalamic tract in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 186: 343–370.
Boivie JJG, Perl ER (1975) Neural substrates of somatic sensation. In: Guyton AC, Hunt CC (eds) Physiology Series One, Vol III, Neurophysiology. University Park Press, Baltimore.
Brown AG (1981) Organization in the spinal cord. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 238.
Burton H, Craig AD (1983) Spinothalamic projections in cat, raccoon and monkey: a study based on anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. In: Macchi G, Rustioni A, Spreafico R (eds) Somatosensory integration in the thalamus. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 17–41.
Burton H, Jones EG (1976) The posterior thalamic region and its cortical projection in new world and old world monkeys. J Comp Neurol 168: 249–302.
Burton H, Loewy AD (1977) Projections to the spinal cord from medullary somatosensory relay nuclei. J Comp Neurol 173: 773–792.
Burton H, Mitchell G, Brent D (1982) Second somatic sensory area in the cerebral cortex of cats: somatotopic organization and cytoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol 210: 109–135.
Carstens E, Trevino DL (1978) Laminar origins of spinothalamic projections in the cat as determined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 182: 151–166.
Casey KL, Keene JJ, Morrow T (1974) Bulboreticular and medial thalamic unit activity in relation to aversive behavior and pain. In: Bonica JJ (ed) Advances in neurology. Raven, New York, pp 197–205.
Clemo HR, Stein BE (1982) Somatosensory cortex: a “new” representation. Brain Res 235: 162–168.
Condé F, Condé H (1980) Demonstration of a rubrothalamic projection in the cat, with some comments on the origin of the rubrospinal tract. Neuroscience 5: 789–802.
Cowan WM, Gottlieb DI, Hendrickson AE, Price JL, Woolsey TA (1972) The autoradiographic demonstration of axonal connections in the central nervous system. Brain Res 37: 21–51.
Craig AD, Burton H (1979) Spinothalamic terminations in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the cat. Soc Neurosci Abst 5: 705.
Craig AD, Burton H (1981) Spinal and medullary lamina I projection to nucleus submedius in medial thalamus: a possible pain center. J Neurophysiol 45: 443–466.
Craig AD, Dunst R, Kniffki K-D (1984) Topographic distribution of somatosensory neurones dorsal to the cat's ventroposterior nuclei. Pflügers Arch 400: R16.
Craig AD, Kniffki K-D (1982) Lumbosacral lamina I cells projecting to medial and/or lateral thalamus in the cat. Soc Neurosci Abst 8: 95.
Craig AD, Wiegand SJ, Price JL (1982) The thalamo-cortical projection of the nucleus submedius in the cat. J Comp Neurol 206: 28–48.
Curry MJ (1972) The exteroceptive properties of neurones in the somatic part of the posterior group (PO). Brain Res 44: 439–462.
Darian-Smith I, Isbister J, Mok H, Yokota T (1966) Somatic sensory cortical projection areas excited by tactile stimulation of the cat: a triple representation. J Physiol (Lond) 182: 671–689.
De Olmos J, Heimer L (1977) Mapping of collateral projections with the HRP-method. Neurosci Lett 6: 107–114.
Dong WK, Ryu H, Wagman IH (1978) Nociceptive responses of neurons in medial thalamus and their relationship to spinothalamic pathways. J Neurophysiol 41: 1592–1613.
Dykes RW (1982) Parallel processing of cutaneous information in the somatosensory system of the cat. J Can Sci Neurol 9: 9–19.
Getz B (1952) The termination of spinothalamic fibers in the cat as studied by the method of terminal degeneration. Acta Anat 16: 271–290.
Giesler GJ Jr, Menetrey D, Basbaum AI (1979) Differential origins of spinothalamic tract projections to medial and lateral thalamus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 184: 107–126.
Giesler GJ Jr, Yezierski RP, Gerhart KD, Willis WD (1981) Spinothalamic tract neurons that project to medial and/or lateral thalamic nuclei: evidence for a physiologically novel population of spinal cord neurons. J Neurophysiol 46: 1285–1308.
Golovchinsky V, Kruger L, Saporta SA, Stein BE, Young DW (1981) Properties of velocity-mechanosensitive neurons of the cat ventrobasal thalamic nucleus with special reference to the concept of convergence. Brain Res 209: 355–374.
Graham J (1977) An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the superior colliculus in the cat. J Comp Neurol 17: 629–654.
Grant G, Boivie J, Silfvenius H (1973) Course and termination of fibers from the nucleus z of the medulla oblongata. An experimental light microscopical study in the cat. Brain Res 55: 55–70.
Graybiel AM, Berson DM (1980) Histochemical identification and afferent connections of subdivisions in the lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex and related thalamic nuclei in the cat. Neuroscience 5: 1175–1238.
Guilbaud G, Caille D, Besson JM, Benelli G (1977) Single unit activities in ventral posterior and posterior group thalamic nuclei during nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimulation in the cat. Arch Ital Biol 115: 38–56.
Halliday AM, Logue V (1972) Painful sensations evoked by electrical stimulation in the thalamus. In: Somjen GG (ed) Neurophysiology studied in man. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 221–230.
Hassler R (1960) Die zentralen Systeme des Schmerzes. Acta Neurochir 8: 353–423.
Heath CJ, Jones EG (1971) An experimental study of ascending connections from the posterior group of thalamic nuclei in the cat. J Comp Neural 141: 397–426.
Hendry SHC, Jones EG, Graham J (1979) Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat. J Comp Neurol 185: 679–714.
Herron P (1983) The connections of cortical somatosensory areas I and II with separate nuclei in the ventroposterior thalamus in the raccoon. Neuroscience 8: 243–257.
Honda CN, Mense S, Perl ER (1983) Neurons in ventrobasal region of cat thalamus selectively responsive to noxious mechanical stimulation. J Neurophysiol 49: 662–673.
Hongo T, Kudo N, Yamashita M, Ishizuka N, Mannen H (1981) Transneuronal passage of intraaxonally injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from group Ib and II fibers into the secondary neurons in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord. Biomed Res 2: 722–727.
Hyvärinen J (1982) Posterior parietal lobe of the primate brain. Physiol Rev 62: 1060–1129.
Itoh K (1977) Efferent projections of the pretectum in the cat. Exp Brain Res 30: 89–105.
Itoh K, Mizuno N (1977) Topographical arrangement of thalamocortical neurons in the centrolateral nucleus (CL) of the cat with special reference to the spino-thalamo-motor cortical path through the CL. Exp Brain Res 30: 471–480.
Jones EG (1981) Functional subdivision and synaptic organization of the mammalian thalamus. In: Porter R (ed) Neurophysiology IV, International review of physiology. University Park Press, Baltimore (vol 25, pp 173–245).
Jones EG, Burton H (1974) Cytoarchitecture and somatic sensory connectivity of thalamic nuclei other than the ventrobasal complex in the cat. J Comp Neurol 154: 395–432.
Jones EG, Leavitt RY (1974) Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of non-specific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the rat, cat, and monkey. J Comp Neurol 154: 349–378.
Jones EG, Powell TPS (1971) An analysis of the posterior group of thalamic nuclei on the basis of its afferent connections. J Comp Neurol 143: 185–216.
Kaas JH (1983) What, if anything, is SI? Organization of first somatosensory area of cortex. Physiolog Rev 63: 206–231.
Kenshalo DR Jr, Giesler GJ Jr, Leonard RB, Willis WD (1980) Response of neurons in primate ventral posterior lateral nucleus to noxious stimuli. J Neurophysiol 43: 1594–1614.
Kniffki K-D, Mizumura K (1983) Responses of neurons in VPL and VPL-VL region of the cat to algesic stimulation of muscle and tendon. J Neurophysiol 49: 649–661.
Kotchabhakdi N, Rinvik E, Walberg F, Yingchareon K (1980a) The vestibulothalamic projection in the cat studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Exp Brain Res 40: 405–418.
Kotchabhakdi N, Rinvik E, Yingchareon K, Walberg F (1980b) Afferent projections to the thalamus from the perihypoglossal nuclei. Brain Res 187: 457–461.
Kuypers HGJM, Maisky VA (1975) Retrograde axonal transport of HRP from spinal cord to brain stem cell groups in the cat. Neurosci Lett 1: 9–14.
Landgren S, Nordwall A, Wangström C (1965) The location of thethalamic relay in the spino-cervico-lemniscal path. Acta Physiol Scand 65: 164–175.
Larsen KD, Asanuma H (1979) Thalamic projections to the feline motor cortex studied with horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res 172: 209–215.
Luiten PGM, Kuipers F, Schuitmaker H (1982) Organization of diencephalic and brainstem afferent projections to the lateral septum in the rat. Neurosci Lett 30: 211–216.
Mantyh PW, Peschanski M (1983) The use of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates for studies of anterograde axonal transport. J Neurosci Meth 7: 117–128.
Mehler WR (1969) Some neurological species differences — A posterior. Ann NY Acad Sci 167: 424–468.
Mesulam M-M (ed) (1982) Tracing neural connections with horseradish peroxidase. Wiley, New York, pp 251.
Meyers DER, Snow PJ (1982) The responses to somatic stimuli of deep spinothalamic tract cells in the lumbar spinal cord of the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 329: 355–371.
Nakahama H, Shima K, Aya K, Kisara K, Sakurada S (1981) Antinociceptive action of morphine and pentazocine on unit activity in the nucleus centralis lateralis, nucleus ventralis lateralis and nearby structures of the cat. Pain 10: 47–56.
Nauta WJH, Kuypers HGJM (1958) Some ascending pathways in the brain stem reticular formation. In: Jasper HH et al. (eds) Reticular formation of the brain. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, pp 3–30.
Nyquist JK (1975) Somatosensory properties of neurons of thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis. Exp Neurol 48: 123–135.
Nyquist JK, Greenhoot JH (1974) Unit analysis of nonspecific thalamic responses to high-intensity cutaneous input in the cat. Exp Neurol 42: 609–622.
Ottersen OP, Ben-Ari Y (1979) Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat. I. Projections from the thalamus. J Comp Neurol 187: 401–424.
Pappas CL, Strick PL (1981) Physiological demonstration of multiple representation in the forelimb region of the cat motor cortex. J Comp Neurol 200: 481–490.
Pearson JC, Haines DE (1980) Somatosensory thalamus of a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis). I. Configuration of nuclei and termination of spinothalamic fibers. J Comp Neurol 190: 533–558.
Peschanski M, Mantyh PW (1983) Efferent connections of the subfascicular area of the mesodiencephalic junction and its possible involvement in stimulation-produced analgesia. Brain Res 263: 181–190.
Raymond J, Sans A, Marty R (1974) Projections thalamiques des noyaux vestibulaires: etude histologique chez le chat. Exp Brain Res 20: 273–283.
Rioch DM (1929) Studies on the diencephalon of Carnivora. Part I. The nuclear configuration of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus of the dog and cat. J Comp Neurol 49: 1–119.
Rockel AJ, Heath CJ, Jones EG (1972) Afferent connections to the diencephalon in the marsupial phalanger and the question of sensory convergence in the “posterior group” of the thalamus. J Comp Neurol 145: 105–130.
Sakai ST (1982) The thalamic connectivity of the primary motor cortex (MI) in the raccoon. J Comp Neurol 204: 238–252.
Saper CB, Swanson LW, Cowan WM (1979) Some efferent connections of the rostral hypothalamus in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and cat. J Comp Neurol 184: 205–242.
Sato M, Itoh K, Mizuno N (1979) Distribution of thalamocaudate neurons in the cat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase. Exp Brain Res 34: 143–153.
Schlag-Rey M, Schlag J (1977) Visual and presaccadic neuronal activity in thalamic internal medullary lamina of cat: a study of targeting. J Neurophysiol 40: 156–173.
Sherman SM, Spear PD (1982) Organization of visual pathways in normal and visually deprived cats. Physiolog Rev 62: 738–855.
Strick PL (1973) Light microscopic analysis of the cortical projection of the thalamic ventrolateral nucleus in the cat. Brain Res 55: 1–24.
Sugimoto T, Mizuno N, Itoh K (1981) An autoradiographic study on the terminal distribution of cerebellothalamic fibers in the cat. Brain Res 215: 29–47.
Tanaka D Jr, Sakai ST, Gorska T (1983) Corticothalamic projections from postcruciate area 4 in the dog. J Comp Neurol 214: 17–31.
Tanji DG, Wise SP, Dykes RW, Jones EG (1978) Cytoarchitecture and thalamic connectivity of third somatosensory area of cat cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 41: 268–284.
Updyke BV (1983) A reevaluation of the functional organization and cytoarchitecture of the feline lateral posterior complex, with observations on adjoining cell groups. J Comp Neurol 219: 143–181.
Welker WI, Johnson JI Jr (1965) Correlation between nuclear morphology and somatotopic organization in ventro-basal complex of the raccoon's thalamus. J Anat 99: 761–790.
Wiberg M, Blomqvist A (1983) The spinomesencephalic tract in the cat: its cells of origin and termination pattern as demonstrated by the intraaxonal transport method. Brain Res 291: 1–18.
Willis WD (1983) The spinothalamic tract. In: Rosenberg RN (ed) The clinical neurosciences. Section V, Willis WD (ed) Neurobiology. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 325–356.
Willis WD, Kenshalo DR Jr, Leonard RB (1979) The cells of origin of the primate spinothalamic tract. J Comp Neurol 188: 543–574.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Craig, A.D., Burton, H. The distribution and topographical organization in the thalamus of anterogradely-transported horseradish peroxidase after spinal injections in cat and raccoon. Exp Brain Res 58, 227–254 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235306
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235306