Summary
The amounts of glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose/galactose, raffinose/stachyose and starch were investigated in the outer sapwood, innermost sapwood, transition zone and heartwood of four stems of Pinus sylvestris L. The samples were taken in October and the determination of the compounds was done enzymatically. It was not possible to distinguish arabinose from galactose and raffinose from stachyose. The amounts of glucose, fructose and sucrose were greatest in the outer sapwood and decreased gradually towards the innermost sapwood and the heartwood. In the outermost heartwood glucose, fructose and sucrose were only present in trace amounts. Raffinose/stachyose showed highest concentrations in the outer sapwood and decreased towards the heartwood. In contrast, the concentrations of arabinose/galactose increased towards the heartwood and the greatest amount was found in the inner heartwood. When identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), arabinose was found to be present in greater amounts than galactose. The amount of starch decreased markedly towards heartwood. However, the amounts of sugars in all the studied stems was very variable. The changes in the amounts of carbohydrates in the different zones of the stems and the possible relationships of these phenomena with heartwood formation are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Assarsson A, Theander O (1958) The constituents of conifer needles. I. Low molecular weight carbohydrates in the needles of Pinus sylvestris. Acta Chem Scand 12: 1319–1322
Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E (1974) Sucrose/D-glucose. In: Berg-meyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol III. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 1176–1179
Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E, Schmidt F, Stork H (1974a) D-glucose. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol III. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 1196–1201
Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E, Gutmann I (1974b) Raffinose. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol III. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 1172–1175
Bernt E, Bergmeyer HU (1974) D-fructose. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol III. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 1304–1307
Beutler HO (1984a) D-fructose. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Metabolites 1: carbohydrates, Vol VI. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 321–327
Beutler HO (1984b) Lactose and D-galactose. In: Berg-meyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Metabolites 1: carbohydrates, Vol VI. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 104–112
Beutler HO (1984c) Raffinose. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Metabolites 1: carbohydrates, Vol VI. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 90–96
Beutler HO (1984d) Starch. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Metabolites 1: carbohydrates, Vol VI. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 2–10
DeStefanis VA, Ponte JG (1968) Separation of sugars by thinlayer chromatography. J Chromatogr 34: 116–120
Dietrichs HH (1964) Das Verhalten von Kohlenhydraten bei der Holzverkernung. Holzforschung 18: 14–24
Fischer C, Höll W (1988) Soluble carbohydrates and starch in needles, trunk- and rootwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Abstracts of the 6th congress of the Federation of European Societes of Plant Physiology (FESPP), Split, Jugoslavia. Session 409
Glerum C, Balatinecz JJ (1980) Formation and distribution of food reserves during autumn and their subsequent utilization in jack pine. Can J Bot 58: 40–54
Gross KC, Wallner SJ (1979) Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides during tomato fruit ripening. Plant Physiol 63: 117–120
Halmer P, Bewley JD (1982) Control by external and internal factors over the mobilization of reserve carbohydrates in higher plants. In: Loewus FA, Tanner W (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series. Plant carbohydrates I. Intracellular carbohydrates, Vol 13A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 748–793
Hillis WE (1987) Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Hillis WE, Hasegawa M (1963) The formation of polyphenols in trees. 1. Administration of 14C glucose and subsequent distribution of radioactivity. Phytochemistry 2: 195–199
Höll W (1985) Seasonal fluctuation of reserve materials in the trunkwood of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). J Plant Physiol 117: 355–362
Jeremias K (1969) Zur winterlichen Zuckeranhäufung in vegetativen Pflanzenteilen. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 82: 87–97
Kandler O, Hopf H (1982) Oligosaccharides based on sucrose (sucrosyl oligosaccharides). In: Loewus FA, Tanner W (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series. Plant carbohydrates I. Intracellular carbohydrates, Vol 13A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 348–383
Keppler D, Decker K (1984) Glycogen. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Metabolites 1: carbohydrates, Vol VI. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 11–18
Kim J, Gross KC, Solomos T (1987) Characterization of the Stimulation of ethylene production by galactose in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit. Plant Physiol 85: 804–807
Knee M (1978) Metabolism of polymethylgalactouronate in apple fruit cortical tissue during ripening. Phytochemistry 17: 1261–1264
Knee M, Sargent JA, Osborne DJ (1977) Cell wall metabolism in developing strawberry fruits. J Exp Bot 28: 377–396
Kunst A, Draeger B, Ziegenhorn J (1984) D-glucose. Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Metabolites 1: carbohydrates, Vol VI. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 163–172
Kurz G, Wallenfels K (1974) D-galactose. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol III. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 1279–1282
Llamazares J, Acebes JL, Zarra I (1987) Cell wall autolysis in Pinus pinaster Aiton hypocotyls. Enzymatic activities involved. J Plant Physiol 127: 11–22
Ogolevets IV (1964) Changes in the carbohydrate content inthe bark of trees subjected to low temperatures. Fiziol Rast 11: 889–896
Saranpää P, Nyberg H (1987a) Lipids and sterols of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood. Trees 1: 82–87
Saranpää P, Nyberg H (1987b) Seasonal variation of neutral lipids in Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood. Trees 1: 139–144
Saranpää P (1988) Plastids and glycolipids in the stemwood of Pinus sylvestris L. Trees 2: 180–187
Sauter JJ, Kloth S (1986) Plasmodesmatal frequency and radial translocation rates in ray cells of poplar (Populus x canadensis Moench “robusta”). Planta 168: 377–380
Sauter JJ, Kloth S (1987) Changes in carbohydrates and ultrastructure in xylem ray cells of Populus in response to chilling. Protoplasma 137: 45–55
Senser M, Dittrich P, Kandler O, Thanbichler A, Kuhn B (1971) Isotopenstudien über den Einfluss der Jahreszeit auf den Oligosaccharidumsatz bei Coniferen. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 84: 445–455
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saranpää, P., Höll, W. Soluble carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood. Trees 3, 138–143 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226648
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226648