Abstract
The genus Arachis contains a large number of species and undescribed taxa with patterns of genetic variation that are little understood. The objectives of this investigation were to estimate genetic diversity among species of Arachis by utilizing electrophoretic techniques and to establish the potential for use of isozymes as markers for germplasm introgression. One-hundred-and-thirteen accessions representing six of the seven sections of the genus were analyzed for isozyme variation of 17 enzymes. Section Rhizomatosae species were not included because they produce very few seeds. Seeds were macerated and the crude extract was used for starch-gel electrophoretic analyses. Although the cultivated species has few polymorphic isozymes, the diploid species are highly variable and two-to-six bands were observed for each isozyme among accessions. Because of the large number of isozyme differences between A. hypogaea and A. batizocoi (the presumed donor of the B genome), this species can no longer be considered as a progenitor of the cultivated peanut. Seed-to-seed polymorphisms within many accessions were also observed which indicate that germplasm should be maintained as bulk seed lots, representative of many individuals, or as lines from individual plants from original field collections. The area of greatest interspecific genetic diversity was in Mato Grosso, Brazil; however, the probability of finding unique alleles from those observed in A. hypogaea was greatest in north, north-central, south and southeast Brazil. The large number of polymorphic loci should be useful as genetic markers for interspecific hybridization studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bianchi-Hall CM, Keys RD, Stalker HT (1991) Use of protein profiles to characterize peanut cultivars. Newsl Assoc Official Seed Anal 65:25–26
Cherry JP (1975) Comparative studies of seed proteins and enzymes of species and collections of Arachis by gel electrophoresis. Peanut Sci 2:57–65
Chevalier A (1933) Monographie de Arachide. Rev Bot Appl et Agr Trop 13:689–789
Chevalier A (1934) Monographie de Arachide. Rev Bot Appl et Agr Trop 14:565–632, 709–755, 833–864
Chevalier A (1936) Monographie de Arachide. Rev Bot Appl et Agr Trop 16:673–871
Gregory MP, Gregory WC (1979) Exotic germ plasm of Arachis L. interspecific hybrids. J Hered 70:185–193
Gregory WC, Gregory MP, Krapovickas A, Smith BW, Yarbrough JA (1973) Structures and genetic resources of peanuts. In: Peanuts-culture and uses. Am Peanut Res Educ Asso, Stillwater, Oklahoma, pp 47–133
Gregory WC, Krapovickas A, Gregory MP (1980) Structures, variation, evolution and classification in Arachis. In: Summerfield RJ, Bunting AH (eds) Advances in legume science, vol 1. International Legume Conference, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, pp 469–481
Grieshammer U, Wynne, JC (1990 a) Isozyme variability in mature seeds of U.S. peanut cultivars and collections. Peanut Sci 17:72–75
Grieshammer U, Wynne JC (1990 b) Mendelian and non-mendelian inheritance of three isozymes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Sci 17:101–105
Halward TM, Stalker HT, LA RUE EA, Kochert GD (1991) Genetic variation detectable with molecular markers among unadapted germ-plasm resources of cultivated peanut and related wild species. Genome 34:1013–1020
Halward TM, Stalker HT, LA RUE EA, Kochert GD (1992) Use of single primer DNA amplifications in genetic studies of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Mol Biol 18: 315–325
Harlan JR, de Wet JMJ (1975) On Ö Wing and a prayer: Origins of polyploidy. Bot Rev 41:361–390
Hedrick PW (1971) A new approach to measuring genetic similarity. Evoltion 25:276–280
Hermann FJ (1954) A synopsis of the genus Arachis. Agr Monograph U. S. D. A. No. 19
Hoehne FC (1940) Leguminosas-Papilionadas. Genero Arachis. Flora Brasilica 25(II) 122:1–20
Klozova EJ, Svachulova J, Smartt J, Hadag E, Turkova V, Hadaco-Va V (1983) The comparison of seed protein patterns within the genus Arachis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biol Plant (Praha) 25:266–273
Kochert G, Halward T, Branch WD, Simpson CE (1991) RFLP variability in peanut cultivars and wild species. Theor Appl Genet 81:565–570
Krapovickas A (1990) A taxonomic summary of the genus Arachis as proposed by A. Krapovickas 28 Feb 1989. In: Int Crop Network Series. 2. Report of a workshop on the genetic resources of wild Arachis species including preliminary descriptors or Arachis (IBPGR/ICRISAT). Int Board for Plant Genet Resources, Rome, p 9
Lacks GD, Stalker HT (1993) Isozyme analyses of Arachis species and interspecific hybrids. Peanut Sci 20:76–81
Ory RL, Cherry JP (1972) Proteins from peanut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea) grown in different areas. V. Biochemical observations on electrophoretic patterns of proteins and enzymes. J Am Peanut Res Educ Assoc 4:21–31
Paik-Ro OG, Smith RL, Knauft DA (1992) Restriction length polymorphism of six peanut species within section Arachis. Theor Appl Genet 84:201–208
Resslar PM (1980) A review of the nomenclature of the genus Arachis L. Euphytica 29:813–817
SAS (1982) SAS user's guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina
Simpson CE, Higgins DL (1984) Catalog of Arachis germplasm collections in South America, 1976–1983. Taxas Agri Expt Sta Bull MP1570
Singh AK, Moss JP (1982) Utilization of wild relatives in genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. Part 2. Chromosome complements of species in section Arachis. Theor Appl Genet 61:305–314
Smartt J, Stalker HT (1982) Speciation and cytogenetics in Arachis. In: Pattee HE, Young CT (eds) Peanut science and technology. Am Peanut Res Educ Soc, Yoakum, Texas, pp 21–49
Smartt J, Gregory WC, Gregory MP (1978) The genomes of Arachis hypogaea. 1. Cytogenetic studies of putative genome donors. Euphytica 27:665–675
Stalker HT (1981) Hybrids in the genus Arachis between sections Erectoides and Arachis. Crop Sci 21:359–362
Stalker HT (1985) Cytotaxonomy of Arachis. In: Moss JP (ed) Proc Int Workshop on Cytogenetics of Arachis. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, A. P., India, pp 65–79
Stalker HT (1990) A morphological appraisal of wild species in section Arachis of peanuts. Peanut Sci 17:117–122
Stalker HT (1991) A new species in section Arachis with a D genome. Am J Bot 78:630–637
Stalker HT, Dalmacio RD (1981) Chromosomes of Arachis species, section Arachis. J Hered 72:403–408
Stalker HT, Dalmacio RD (1986) Karyotype analysis and relationships among varieties of Arachis hypogaea L. Cytologia 51:617–629
Stalker HT, Moss JP (1987) Speciation, cytogenetics, and utilization of Arachis species. Adv Agron 41:1–40
Stalker HT, Young CT, Jones TM (1989) A survey of the fatty acids of peanut species. Oleagineux 44:419–424
Stalker HT, Dhesi JS, Parry DC (1991) An analysis of the B genome species Arachis batizocoi (Fabaceae). Plant Syst Evol 174:159–169
Tombs MP (1963) Variant forms of arachin. Nature 200: 1321–1322
Valls JFM, Rao VR, Simpson CE, Krapovickas, A (1985) Current status of collection and conservation of South American groundnut germplasm with emphasis on wild species of Arachis. In: Proc Int Workshop of Cytogenetics of Arachis, Oct 31–Nov 2, 1983, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, A.P., India, pp 15–33
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by P. L. Pfahlar
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stalker, H.T., Phillips, T.D., Murphy, J.P. et al. Variation of isozyme patterns among Arachis species. Theoret. Appl. Genetics 87, 746–755 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00222901
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00222901