Abstract
We have found that the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus shows an immobile posture, so-called thanatosis. Thanatosis was reflexly elicited by gently holding the forelegs and pronotum of the cricket. During thanatosis, the respiration rate decreased markedly while the heart rate doubled compared with the resting state. Animals in the state of extreme rigidity were unresponsive to the external disturbances but easily aroused by mechanical stimulation such as prodding. The immobile posture usually persisted for 2–4 min, but occasionally for more than 20 min, and then suddenly ended. Catalepsy was induced during thanatosis when a leg was passively forced to the extended position. For elicitation of the flexion reflex, either campaniform sensilla and femoral chordotonal organs (FCOs) in the forelegs, and spine-like sensilla on the pronotum were necessary. Among these receptors, however, only the FCOs were involved in inducing the immobile state. Centrally, the brain was indispensable for thanatosis to be maintained. In semi-natural conditions the thanatotic state did occur spontaneously while the cricket struggled to get into a small crevice according to the nature of this species. This sudden immobilization could help the cricket get out of danger of predators like reptiles and amphibians in the natural habitat.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- FCO :
-
femoral chordotonal organ
- F-T :
-
femorotibial
- N :
-
nerve
References
Bässler U (1965) Proprioceptoren am Subcoxal-und Femur-TibiaGelenk der Stabheuschrecke C. morosus und ihre Rolle bei der Wahrnehmung der Schwerkraftrichtung. Kybernetik 2: 168–193
Bässler U (1983) Neural basis of elementary behavior in stick insects. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 4–21
Bowerman RF, Larimer JL (1974) Command fibres in the circumoesophageal connectives of crayfish. I tonic fibres. J Exp Biol 90: 95–117
Bräunig P (1985) Strand receptors associated with the femoral chordotonal organs of locust legs. J Exp Biol 116: 331–341
Bräunig P, Hustert R, Pflüger HJ (1981) Distribution and specific central projections of mechanoreceptors in the thorax and proximal leg joints of locusts. I. Morphology, location and innervation of internal proprioreceptors of pro-and metathorax and their central projections. Cell Tissue Res 216: 57–77
Bullock TH, Horridge GA (1965) Structure and function in the nervous system of invertebrates II, Freeman, San Francisco, London, pp 1156–1157
Burns MD (1974) Structure and physiology of the locust femoral chordotonal organ. J Insect Physiol 20: 1319–1339
Camhi JM, Tom W, Volman S (1978) The escape behavior of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. II Detection of natural predators by air displacement. J Comp Physiol 128: 203–212
Delcomyn F (1991) Activity and directional sensitivity of leg campaniform sensilla in a stick insect. J Comp Physiol A 168: 113–119
Drescher M (1960) Regerationsversuche am Gehirne von Periplaneta americana unter Berucksichtigung von Verhaltensanderung und Neurosekretion. Z Morph Okol Tiere 48: 576–649
Driesang RB, Büschges A (1993) The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect. IV Properties of non-spiking interneurons. J Comp Physiol 173: 445–454
Edmunds M (1974) Defense in animals. Longman, London
Fabre JH (1910) Suvenirs entomologiques. Delagrave Paris
Godden DH (1972) The innervation of the leg musculature and motor output during thanatosis in the stick insect Carausius morosus Br J Comp Physiol 80: 201–225
Godden DH (1974) The physiological mechanism of catalepsy in the stick insect Carausius morosus Br J Comp Physiol 89: 251–274
Hoagland H (1928) The mechanism of tonic immobility (“animal hypnosis”). J Gen Psychol 1: 426–447
Holmes SJ (1906) Death feigning in Ranatra. J Comp Neurol 16: 200–216
Hoogland R, Morris D, Tinbergen N (1957) The spines of sticklebacks (Gasterusteus and Pygosteus) as a means of defense against predators (Perca and Esox). Behaviour 10: 207–236
Hoyle G, Field LH (1983) Defense posture and leg-position learning in a primitive insect utilize catch-like tension. J Neurobiol 14: 285–298
Hustert R (1978) Segmental and interganglionic projections from primary fibres of insect mechanoreceptors. Cell Tissue Res 194: 337–351
Katayama T, Sakai M (1987) Thanatosis of the cricket. Zool Sci 4: 968
Laurent G, Richard D (1986) The organization and role during locomotion of the proximal musculature of the cricket foreleg. J Exp Biol 123: 255–283
Mangold E (1920) Die tierische hypnose. Ergebn Physiol 18: 79–117
Nishino H, Sakai M (1991a) Death-feigning in the cricket. Comp Physiol Biochem 8: 158
Nishino H, Sakai M (1991b) Neural activities during thanatosis in the crickets. Zool Sci 8: 1040
Nowel MS, Shelton PMJ, Stephen RO (1995) Functional organization of the metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ in the cricket Acheta domesticus. J Exp Biol 198: 1977–1988
Rabaud E (1919) L'immobilisation reflexe et l'activite normale des arthropodes. Bull biol France Belg 53: 1–149
Robertson TB (1904) On the ‘Sham-death’ reflex in spiders. J Physiol (Lond) 31: 410–417
Roeder KD (1935) An experimental analysis of the sexual behavior of the praying mantis (Mantis religiosa L). Biol Bull 69: 203–220
Sakai M, Matsumoto Y Takemori N, Taoda Y (1995) Post-copulatory sexual refractoriness is maintained under the control of the terminal abdominal ganglion in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. J Insect Physiol 41: 1055–1070
Spinola SM, Chapman KM (1975) Proprioceptive indentation of the campaniform sensilla of cockroach legs. J Comp Physiol 96: 257–272
Steiniger F (1933) Die Erscheinung der Katalepsie bei Stabheuschrecke und Asserlaufern. Z Morph Okol Tiere 26: 591–708
Steiniger F (1936) Die Biologie der sog “Tierischen Hypnose”. Ergebn Biol 13: 348–451
Theophilidis G, Burns MD (1979) A muscle tension receptor in the locust leg. J Comp Physiol 131: 247–254
Williamson R, Burns MD (1978) Multiterminal receptors in the locust mesothoracic leg. J Insect Physiol 24: 661–666
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nishino, H., Sakai, M. Behaviorally significant immobile state of so-called thanatosis in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGeer: its characterization, sensory mechanism and function. J Comp Physiol A 179, 613–624 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216126
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216126