Abstract
Sequential extraction was utilized for partitioning Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn, in soil and sludge samples into five operationally-defined fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and residual. The highest amounts of Cd, Ni, and Zn, expressed as per cent of the total, were found in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction of the sewage sludge. Chromium was significantly associated with the organic fraction of the sludge. The residue was the most abundant fraction for all metals studied in the untreated soil, and for Cd and Ni in the sludge-treated soil. The concentration of exchangeable Cd and Cr was relatively low in the untreated soil and did not change much after sludge application, whereas the concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased about 50 times and the concentrations of exchangeable Ni doubled in the sludge-treated soil. The lysimetric experiment revealed an increase in Zn and Ni uptake by ryegrass and in the percentage of metals leached from the soil profile after massive sludge application. In contrast only negligible changes were observed for Cd and Cr. The assumption that mobility and biological availability are related to metal speciation was confirmed by the agreement between the distribution pattern of Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn in the soils, the uptake of the metals by plants and their capacity for leaching out from the soils.
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Dudka, S., Chlopecka, A. Effect of solid-phase speciation on metal mobility and phytoavailability in sludge-amended soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 51, 153–160 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211513
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211513