We have made extensive measurements on transport phenomena in He3-He4 mixtures near the tricritical point and along the superfluid transition line at saturated vapor pressure. The He3 mole fraction X ranged from 0.51 to 0.72 and the temperature from 0.8 to 1.5 K. Our measurements were made under steady state conditions using a cell where we measured the vertical He3 concentration gradient ▽X induced by a temperature gradient ▽T produced by a vertical heat flux. The cell included two superposed capacitors and ▽X was determined by means of the dielectric constant method. In this paper, we present a comprehensive report on our results for the thermal diffusion ratio k T and the thermal conductivity κ both in the normal fluid and in the superfluid. In the tricritical region, k T was found to diverge strongly as the tricritical point was approached; no singularity in κ was found. This behavior is consistent with theoretical predictions. In the region near the lambda line, κ remains finite, as expected, but k T appears to have a stronger singularity than predicted by theory. The analysis of our experiment in the normal fluid for mixtures with X>0.51 was complicated by superfluid film flow along the walls of the sample cell. We describe this effect and analyze it with Khalatnikov's theory of superfluidity. However, for the mixture X = 0.51, where there is no such film, the behavior of k T is consistent with predictions. The k T data for the mixtures 0.6 < X < 0.7 could be cast into a tricritical scaling representation, similar to that for the concentration susceptibility. In the superfluid phase we test, for the first time and with fair success, a relation by Khalatnikov between ▽X/▽T and static properties, measured in different experiments. Finally, we discuss the relaxation times that characterize the establishment of steady state conditions. From these data it is possible, under favorable circumstances, to obtain the mass diffusivity D.
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Ruppeiner, G., Ryschkewitsch, M. & Meyer, H. Transport phenomena in He3-He4 mixtures near the tricritical point. J Low Temp Phys 41, 179–216 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117237
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117237