Skip to main content
Log in

Natural and induced variation in tissue culture

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

This literature review suggests a novel approach to intra-clonal plant improvement which will utilize both the natural and induced variation associated with clonally propagated plants through various in vitro and in vivo procedures. Many plants obtained in this manner will be of single-cell origin and, hence, of pure mutant type avoiding the traditional chimerism phenomena of mutation breeding studies.

While such a system of plant breeding is not intended to replace conventional breeding methods for most crops, it may have special use for the plant breeder who is working with crops which are unique, highly-adapted, or in which the sexual apparatus is disturbed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaron-Dacunha, M. I., 1969. Sur la libération, par les rayons X, d'un principe tumorigène contendu dans les tissus de crown gall de Tabac. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 268: 318–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abo El-Nil, M. M. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1971a. Differentiation of virus-symptomless geranium plants from anther callus. Pl. Dis. Reptr 55: 1017–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abo El-Nil, M. M. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1971b. Geranium plant differentiation from anther callus. Am. J. Bot 58: 475 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Abo El-Nil, M. M. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1972. Morphological changes in geranium plants differentiated from anther cultures. In Vitro 7: 258 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfermann, W. & E. Reinhard, 1971. Isolierung anthocyanhaltiger und anthocyanfreier Gewebestamme von Daucus carota: Einfluss von Auxinen auf die Anthocyanbildung. Experientia 27: 353–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amano, E., 1972. Cell cultures of Haplopappus gracilis. A. Rep. natn. Inst. Genet. (Japan) 1971. p. 73–74.

  • Ammirato, P. V. & F. C. Steward, 1967. Growth and organization in cultures of carrot cells: morphogenetic effects due to irradiated sucrose. Pl. Physiol. 42: S 23–24 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammirato, P. V. & F. C. Steward, 1967. Indirect effects of irradiation: morphogenetic effects of irradiated sucrose. Dev. Biol. 19: 87–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arya, H. C. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1969a. Differential sensitivities to gamma radiation of Phylloxera gall and normal grape stem cells in tissue culture. Can. J. Bot. 47: 1623–1628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arya, H. C. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1969b. Effect of gamma-radiation of callus growth of Phylloxera gall and normal grape stem tissues in culture. Ind. J. exp. Biol. 7: 158–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arya, H. C., A. C. Hildebrandt & A. J. Riker, 1962. Clonal variaation of grape-stem and Phylloxera-gall callus growing in vitro in different concentrations of sugars. Am. J. Bot. 49: 368–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asami, H., T. Shimada, N. Inomata & M. Okamoto, 1972. Preliminary report on variation of chromosome constitution in cultured callus cells of different lines of Chinese spring wheat. Wheat Inform. Serv. 35: 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asami, H., T. Shimada, N. Inomata & M. Okamoto, 1975. Chromosome constitution in cultured callus cells from four aneuploid homoeologous group 5 of Triticum aestivum. Jap. J. Genet. 50: 283–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asuwa, N., 1972. Progressive change in organ-forming capacity of tobacco callus during single subculture period. Jap. J. Genet. 47: 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1968. A comparative study of the effects of gamma radiation on the seeds, seedlings and tissue cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Pl. Physiol. 43: S-2. (Abstr.).

  • Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1970. Effect of gamma-irradiation on growth, RNA, protein, and nitrogen contents of bean callus cultures. Ann. Bot. 34: 1089–1096.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1971. Effect of gamma-irradiated sugars on the growth and development of plant tissue cultures. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 65: 418–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj, Y. P. S., A. W. Saettler & M. W. Adams, 1968. The effect of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations on bean tissue cultures. Am. J. Bot. 55: 711–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj, Y. P. S., A. W. Saettler & M. W. Adams, 1970. Gamma irradiation studies on seeds, seedlings, and callus tissue cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris. Radiation Bot. 10: 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bapat, V. A. & P. S. Rao, 1976. Differential radio sensitivity of seeds, seedlings, and callus of petunia inflata. Pl. Sci. Lett. 6: 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barba, R. & L. G. Nickell, 1969. Nutrition and organ differentiation in tissue cultures of sugarcane, a monocotyledon. Planta 89: 299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, M. W., 1973. Origin of chromosome number variation in cultured plant cells. Nuture 246: 529–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, M. W., 1975. The effects of growth in vitro on the chromosome complement of Daucus carota L. suspension cultures. Chromosoma 51: 401–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, M. W. & A. R. Gould, 1974. Studies on the growth in culture of plant cells. XVIII. Nuclear cytology of Acer pseudoplatanus suspension cultures. J. exp. Bot. 25: 772–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benbadis, A., 1973. Analyse des aptitudes embryogénes de divers types de cellules isolées de Daucus carota L. Mem. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1973 Coll. Morphologie 223–234.

  • Bennici, A., M. Buiatti & F. D'Amato, 1968. Nuclear conditions in haploid Pelargonium in vivo and in vitro. Chromosoma 24: 194–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennici, A., M. Buiatti, F. D'Amato & M. Pagliai, 1971. Nuclear behavior in Haplopappus gracilis callus grown in vitro on different culture media. Colloq. Internation. CNRS 193: 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennici, A., M. Buiatti, F. Togoni, D. Rosellini & L. Giorgi, 1972. Habituation in Nicotiana bigelovii tissue cultures: Different behaviour of two varieties. Pl. Cell Physiol. 13: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, L., 1967. Wachstum grüner Suspensionkulturen von Nicotiana tabacum var. ‘Samsun’ mit CO2 als Kohlenstoffquelle. Planta 74: 243–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyn, M. B. & I. Zelitch, 1975. Photoautotrophic growth and photosynthesis in tobacco callus cells. Pl. Physiol. 56: 752–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binding, H., 1972. Selektion in Kalluskulturen mit haploiden Zellen. Z. PflZücht. 67: 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binding, H., K. Binding & J. Straub. 1970. Selektion mit Gewebekulturen mit haploiden Zellen. Naturwissenschaften 57: 138–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binns, A. & F. MeinsJr., 1973. Habituation of tobacco pith cells for factors promoting cell division is heritable and potentially reversible. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 2660–2662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, C. J., 1952. The influence of polyploidy on the X-ray sensitivity of cells. Can. J. Bot. 30: 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakely, L. M., 1965. Growth and organized development of cultured cells. VI. The behavior of individual cells on nutrient agar. Am. J. Bot. 51: 792–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakely, L. M. & F. C. Steward, 1964. Growth and organized development of cultured cells. VII. Cellular variation. Am. J. Bot. 51: 809–820.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottino, P. J., 1975. The potential of genetic manipulation in plant cell cultures for plant breeding. Radiat. Bot. 15: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouriguet, R. & J. Vasseur, 1973. Croissance et bourgeonnement des tissus de feuilles d'endive en fonction de l'age et du lieu de prélèvement des explantats. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 120: 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, B. G., 1971. The occurrence of shoot teratomata in tissue cultures of Taraxacum officinale. Planta 100: 272–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, A. C., 1959. A demonstration of the recovery of the crown-gall tumor cell with the use of complex tumors of single-cell origin. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 45: 932–938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broertjes, C., 1968. Dose rate effects in Saintpaulia. In: Mutations in plant breeding, II, IAEA, Vienna. pp. 63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broertjes, C., 1969. Mutation breeding of Streptocarpus. Euphytica 18: 333–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broertjes, C., B. Haccius & S. Weidlich, 1968. Adventitious bud formation on isolated leaves and its significance for mutation breeding. Euphytica 17: 321–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broertjes, C., S. Roest & G. S. Bokelmann, 1976. Mutation breeding of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram using in vivo and in vitro adventitious bud techniques. Euphytica 25: 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brossard, D., 1976. Influence of kinetin on formation and ploidy level of buds arising from Nicotiana tabacum pith tissue grown in vitro. Z. Pflphysiol. 78: 323–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, L. G., 1975. Clonal and selective propagation of tobacco from leaves. Pl. Sci. Lett. 4: 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, S. R., R. W. Langhans & E. D. Earle, 1974. In vitro propagation of the chimeral layers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Indianapolis’. HortSci. 9: 270 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Butenko, R. G., Z. B. Shamina & L. V. Frolova, 1967. The induced organogenesis of tobacco stem pith callus and the characterization of the plants obtained from tissue cultures of tobacco varieties. Genetika 3: 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, A. F. & R. B. Koch, 1961. Food production by submerged culture of plant tissue cells. Science 135: 215–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P. S., 1969. Production of auxotrophic mutants in ferns. Genet. Res. 14: 337–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P. S., 1970. Induction and isolation of auxotrophic mutants in somatic cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Science 168: 487–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P. S., 1973a. Somatic cell genetics as a tool for plant breeding. In: Induced mutations in vegetatively propagated plants. Proceedings of a panel, IAEA, Vienna, 1972. pp. 167–178.

  • Carlson, P. S., 1973b. Methionine-sulfoximine-resistant mutants of tobacco. Science 180: 1366–1368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P. S. & R. S. Chaleff, 1974. Heterogenous associations of cells formed in vitro. In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.), Genetic manipulations with plant materials. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 245–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P. S. & J. C. Polacco, 1975. Plant cell cultures: genetic aspects of crop improvement. Science 188: 622–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaleff, R. S. & P. S. Carlson, 1974. Somatic cell genetics of higher plants. A. Rev. Genet. 8: 267–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaleff, R. S. & P. S. Carlson, 1975. Higher plant cells as experimental organisms. In: Markham, R., D. R. Davies, D. A. Hapwood & R. W. Horne (Eds.) Modification of the information content of plant cells. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. pp. 197–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, M. T., N. T. DeMarsac & Y.de Kouchkovsky, 1972. Photosynthetic growth of tobacco cells in liquid suspension. Can. J. Bot. 50: 2265–2270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatervedi, H. C. & G. C. Mitra, 1975. A shift in morphogenetic pattern in Citrus callus tissue during prolonged culture. Ann. Bot. 39: 683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi, H. C., A. R. Chowdhury & G. C. Mitra, 1974. Morphogenesis in long term cultures-a biochemical analysis. Curr. Sci. 43: 139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, W. M., 1964. Stability of chromosome numbers in tissue cultures of alfalfa Medicago sativa. Am. J. Bot. 51: 670 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, R. E., 1970. New plants produced from callus tissue culture. Sugarcane Res. 1970 Rep. ARS, USDA, p. 38.

  • Collins, G. B., P. D. Legg & M. J. Kasperbauer, 1972. Chromosome numbers in anther-derived haploids in two Nicotiana species. J. Hered. 63: 113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conger, A. O. & A. A. H. Johnston, 1956. Polyploidy and ratiosensitivity. Nature 178: 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, L. S., D. Cooper, A. C. Hildebrandt & A. J. Riker, 1964. Chromosome numbers in single cell clones of tobacco tissue. Am. J. Bot. 51: 284–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corduan, G., 1970. Autotrophe Gewebekulturen von Ruta graveolens und deren 14CO2-Markierungs-produkte. Planta 91: 291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corduan, G., 1974. Mutations obtained from anther derived plants of Hyocyamus niger. In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.), Genetic manipulations with plant material. Plenum Press, New York. p. 578 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Corduan, G. & C. Spix, 1974. Anther derived plants from Digitalis purpurea. In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.), Genetic manipulations with plant material. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 576–577 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, A. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1968. Growth and morphology of healthy and tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco cells in microculture exposed to cobalt-60 radiation. Radiat. Res. 34: 604–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Amato, F., 1952. Polyploidy in the differentiation and function of tissues and cells in plants. A critical examination of the literature. Caryologia 4: 311–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Amato, F., 1965. Endopolyploidy as a factor in plant tissue development. In: White, P. R. & A. R. Grove (Eds) Proc. int. Conf. Plant Tissue Culture. McCutchan, Berkeley. pp. 449–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Amato, F., 1975. The problem of genetic stability in plant tissue and cell cultures. In: Crop Genetic resources for today and tomorrow. International Biological Programme, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 333–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey, M. R., M. W. Fowler & H. E. Street, 1971. Cell clones contrasted in growth, morphology and pigmentation isolated from a callus culture of Atropa belladonna var. lutea. Phytochemistry 10: 2559–2575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, D., 1969. Genetic heterogeneity in the histogenic layers of apple. J. Am. Soc. hort. Sci. 94: 592–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, D., 1970. New apple strains developed by forcing shoots on disbudded trees. Ill. Res. 12: 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bouchaud, M. T., 1972. Analyse histologique des trois clones issus d'une souche anergiée de tabac et différant entre eux par leurs aptitudes organogénétiques. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 275: 1761–1763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degani, N. & D. Pickholz, 1973. Direct and indirect effect of gamma irradiation on the differentiation of tobacco tissue culture. Radiat. Bot. 13: 381.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Marsac, N. T. & J. P. Jouanneau, 1972. Variation de l'exigence en cytokinine de lignées clonales de clonales de cellules de tabac. Physiol. Vég. 10: 369–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Marsac, N. T. & M. T. Péaud-Lenöel, 1972. Cultures photosynthétiques de lignées clonales de cellules de tabac. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 274: 1800–1802.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Torok, D. & P. R. White. 1960. Cytological instability in tumors of Picea glauca. Science 131: 730–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devreux, M., 1973. In vitro culture and mutation breeding. In: Induced mutations in vegetatively propagated plants. Proceedings of a Panel, I.A.E.A., Vienna, 1972. pp. 41–51.

  • Dommergues, P. & J. Gillot, 1973. Genetically homogeneous clones obtained from an American pink chimera. Annls Amélior. Plantes 23: 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulieu, H., 1971. Experiments on somatic variations by regeneration of variant tissues in homogen shoots. In: Int. Symp. morphogenesis in plant cell, tissue and organ cultures. Dept. Botany. Delhi, India. pp. 42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, E. D. & J. G. Torrey, 1965. Colony formation by isolated Convolvulus cells plated on defined media. Pl. Physiol. Lancaster 40: 520–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichenberger, E., 1950. Sur une mutation survenue dans une culture de tissus de carotte. C. r. Soc. Biol. 145: 239–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epel, B. L., 1973. Inhibition of growth and respiration by visible and near-visible light. In: Giese, A. (Ed.), Photophysiology 8: 209–229. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, T., 1965. Studies on the growth requirements and growth measurements of cell cultures of Haplopappus gracilus. Physiol. Plant. 18: 976–993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, T., 1967a. Cell cultures of Haplopappus gracilus as testing material for radiomimetric compounds. Hereditas 57: 127–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, T., 1967b. Effects of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation on in vitro cultivated cells of Haplopappus gracilis. Physiol. Plant. 20: 507–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H. J., 1965. Effects of radiations on meristematic cells. Radiat. Bot. 5: 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faust, M., R. B. Chase & L. M. MasseyJr., 1967. Effect of irradiated sucrose on carbohydrate metabolism of carrot cells. Radiat. Res. 31: 201–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. E., 1963. Growth factor requirements and chromosome number in tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 16: 793–803.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fridborg, G. & T. Eriksson, 1975. Partial reversal by cytokinin and (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride of near-ultraviolet inhibited growth and morphogenesis in callus cultures. Physiol. Plant. 34: 162–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galun, E. & D. Raveh, 1975. In vitro culture of tobacco protoplasts: survival of haploid and diploid protoplasts exposed to X-ray radiation at different times after isolation. Radiat. Bot. 15: 79–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamborg, O. L., F. Constabel & R. A. Miller, 1970. Embryogenesis and production of albino plants from cell cultures of Bromus inermis. Planta 95: 355–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautheret, R. J., 1955a. Sur la variabilité des proprietés physiologiques des cultures de tissus végétaux. Rev. Gen. Bot. 62: 1–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautheret, R. J., 1955b. The nutrition of plant tissue cultures. A. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 6: 433–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautheret, R. J., 1959. La culture de tissus végétaux. Masson et Cie, Paris. 072

    Google Scholar 

  • Geier, T. & H. W. Kohlenbach, 1973. Entwicklung von Embryonen und embryogenem Kallus aus Pollenkörnern von Datura meteloides und Datura innoxia. Protoplasma 78: 381–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geitler, L., 1953. Endomitose und endomitotische Polyploidisierung. Protoplasmatologia V1/C. 072 Springer, Wien. 89 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, C. E., 1977. Prospects for crop improvement in the field of cell culture. HortSci. 12: 131–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, C. E., R. L. Philips & and R. A. Kleese, 1974. Tissue culture of maize (Zea mays L.): Initiation, maintenance, and organic growth factors. Crop Sci. 14: 54–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadacova, V., M. Kaminek & J. Lustinec, 1975. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in tobacco callus strains differing in their growth requirement for auxin and cytokinin. Biol. Plant. 17: 448–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, W., 1966. Alternative morphogenetic events in cell suspensions. Am. J. Bot. 53: 443–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, W., 1970. Embryos from somatic cell cultures. A. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 9: 169–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, A. D. & J. Edelman, 1972. Photosynthesis by carrot tissue cultures. Planta 102: 11–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M., 1964. Cell culture and somatic variation. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York. 547 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heble, M. R., S. Narayanaswamy & M. S. Chadha, 1974. Tissue differentiation and plumbagin synthesis in variant cell strains of Plumbago zeylanica L. in vitro. Pl. Sci. Lett. 2: 405–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heide, O. M., 1965. Effects of 6-benzylamino purine and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the epiphyllous bud formation in Bryophyllum. Planta 67: 281–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimer, Y. M. & P. Filner, 1970. Regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway of cultured tobacco cells. II. Properties of variant cell line. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 215: 152–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D. J. & W. P. Mee, 1969. Plant differentiation from callus tissue of Saccharum species. Crop Sci. 9: 346–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D. J. & W. P. Mee, 1971. Morphologic, cytogenetic, and enzymatic variation in Saccharum species hybrid clones derived from callus tissue. Am. J. Bot. 58: 257–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D. J., W. P. Mee & L. G. Nickell, 1969. Chromosome numbers of some Saccharum species hybrids and their cell suspension cultures. Am. J. Bot. 56: 450–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiedebrandt, A. C., 1965. Tissue culture as an aid in the study of plant disease. In: Advances in agricultural science and their applications. Agric. Coll. Res. Inst. Coimbatore, India. pp. 584–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt, A. C., J. C. Wilmar, H. Johns & A. J. Riker, 1963. Growth of edible chlorophyllous plant tissues in vitro. Am. J. Bot. 50: 248–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsten, R. D. & F. C. Steward, 1965. Some effects of radiation on cells as observed by their behavior in culture. Pl. Physiol. 40: S-21 (Abstr.).

  • Holsten, R. D., M. Sugii & F. C. Steward, 1965. Direct and indirect effects of radiation on plant cells: Their relation to growth and growth induction. Nature 208: 850–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horak, J., 1972. Poidy chimeras in plants regenerated from the tissue cultures of Brassica oleracea L. Biol. Plant. 14: 423–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horak, J., Z. Landa & J. Lustinec, 1971. Production of polyploid plants from tissue cultures of Brassica oleracea L. Phyton 28: 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horak, J., J. Lustinec, J. Mesicek, M. Kaminek & D. Polackova, 1975. Regeneration of diploid and polyploid plants from the stem pith explants of diploid marrow stem kale (Brassica oleracea L.). Ann. Bot. 39: 571–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, R. K., 1969. Normal and abnormal plants from carrot root tissue cultures. Can. J. Bot. 47: 825–826.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikuta, A., K. Syono & T. Furuya, 1975. Alkaloids in plants regenerated from Coptis callus cultures. Phytochemistry 14: 1209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janick, J., R. M. Skirvin & R. B. Janders, 1977. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo tissue culture systems in scented geranium. J. Hered. 68: 62–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonard, R., 1968. Action de deux agent alkylants: le méthane sulfonate d'éthyle et une moutarde azotée sur les tissus de Topinambour cultivés in vitro. Protection des tissus par la cystéamine et restauration par la kinétine. Radiat. Bot. 8: 467–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonard, R., P. Manant & J. Schaeverbeke-Sacré, 1970. L'action des sucres traités par les rayons gamma du cobalt 60 sur le développement de quelques tissues végétaux cultivés in vitro. Radiat. Bot. 10: 175–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonard, R. & D. Ravelomonana, 1975. Radiobiological studies on behaviour of normal and tumor plant tissues cultivated in vitro. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 169: 759–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. H., 1974. Long term survival of embryoids of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Pl. Sci. Lett. 2: 221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jullien, M., 1974. Culture in vitro of leaf tissue cells of Asparagus officinalis L. Development of strains with permanent embryogenesis and regeneration of whole plants. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 279: 747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kameya, T., 1976. Culture of protoplasts from chimeral plant tissue of nature. Jap. J. Genet. 50: 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, K. N., R. A. Miller & K. Ojima, 1970. Variations in chromosome number and structure in plant cells grown in suspension cultures. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 12: 297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasperbauer, M. J. & G. B. Collins, 1972. Reconstitution of diploids from leaf tissue of antherderived haploids in tobacco. Crop Sci. 12: 98–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasperbauer, M. J. & G. B. Collins, 1974. Alternate tissue culture technique for reconstituting diploids from anther-derived haploids in tobacco. In: Haploids in higher plants. Advances and potential. Univ. of Guelph, Ontario. p. 191 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersten, H. & C. H. Dwight, 1937. The viscosity of sols made from X-irradiated agar. J. Phys. Chem. 41: 687–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimata, M. & S. Sakamoto, 1972. Production of haploid albino plants of Aegilops by anther culture. Jap. J. Genet. 47: 61–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G. S., 1949. Direct and transmitted X-ray effects on growth of tobacco callus in vitro. Am. J. Bot. 36: 265–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. M., 1963. Interaction of UV and visible radiations on the growth and cell agregates of Ginko pollen tissue. Physiol. Plant. 16: 73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. M., 1964. Repression of tissue culture growth by visible and near-visible radiation. Pl. Physiol. 39: 536–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koblitz, H. & U. Schumann, 1976. Tissue cultures of alkaloid plants. 5. Some morphogenetic abilities of long-term callus cultures of Macleaya microcarpa. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen BPP 169: 289–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochar, T., P. Sabharwal & J. Engelberg, 1971. Production of homozygous diploid plants by tissue culture technique. J. Hered. 62: 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunakh, V. A., 1974. Relationship between ploidy and spontaneous organogenesis in Crepis capillaris and Haplopappus qracilis strains. Cytology Genet. 8: 312–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzin, A. M. & A. K. Kasymov, 1963. Formation de substances inhibitrices de la croissance et du développement des plantes chez les tubercules de pomme de terre irradiés par les rayons gamma. Radiologie SSSR 3: 472–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laboratory of Cell Physiology, 1973. Progress on plant cell culture and somatic cell hybridization. Acta Bot. Sinica 15: 258–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lescure, A. M., 1969. Mutagenèse et sélection de cellules d'Acer pseudoplatanus L. cultivées in vitro. Physiol. Veg. 7: 237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lescure, A. M., 1970. Mutagenèse de cellules végétales cultivées in vitro: methodes et resultats. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 353–365.

  • Lescure, A. M., 1973. Selection of markers of resistance to base-analogues in somatic cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Pl. Sci. Lett. 1: 375–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lescure, A. M. & C. Péaud-Lenöel, 1967. Production par traitement mutagène de lignées cellulaires d'Acer pseudoplatanus L. anergiées à l'auxine. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris 265: 1803–1805.

    Google Scholar 

  • Limasset, P. & R. J. Gautheret, 1950. Sur le caractére tumoral des tissus de tabac ayant surbi le phenomene d'accutumance aux hetero-auxines. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris 230: 2043–2045.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Ming Chin, 1971. Focus on cane breeding. Taiwan Sugar 18: 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeda, E., 1969. Variation in nuclear size of rice callus tissues under aseptic subculture. Jap. J. Genet. 44: 285–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliga, P., L. Marton & A. Sz-Breznovits, 1973a. 5-bromodeoxy-uridine-resistant cell lines from haploid tobacco. Pl. Sci. Lett. 1: 119–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliga, P., A. Sz-Breznovits & L. Marton, 1973b. Streptomycin-resistant plants from callus culture of haploid tobacco. Nat. New Biol. 244: 29–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malnassey, P. & J. H. Ellison, 1970. Asparagus tetraploids from callus tissue. HortSci. 5: 444–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manant, P., J. Schaeverbeke & R. Jonard. Action du glyoxal, produit de la radiolyse des sucres. sur les tissus végétaux cultivés in vitro. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 268: 2414–2416.

  • Marchetti, S., G. Ancora & A. Brunori, 1976. Time course of polyploidisation in calli derived from stem and pith explants of Nicotiana tabacum studied on isolated nuclei. Z. PflPhysiol. 78: 307–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maretzki, A. & L. G. Nickell, 1973. Formation of protoplasts from sugarcane cell suspensions and the regeneration of cell cultures from protoplasts. Colloques int. CNRS 212: 51–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mar'yakhina, I. Ya & R. G. Butenko, 1974. Somatic reduction in a cabbage tissue culture. Cytology Genet. 8: 74–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathes, M. C., 1964. The in vitro formation of plantlets from isolated aspen callus. Phyton 21: 137–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWilliam, A. A., S. M. Smith & H. E. Street, 1974. The origin and development of embryoids in suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota L). Ann. Bot. 38: 243. 0

    Google Scholar 

  • Meins, F., 1972. Stability of the tumor phenotype in crown gall tumors of tobacco. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 15: 93–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meins, F., 1975. Mechanisms underlying the persistence of tumour anatomy in crown-gall disease. In: Street, H. E. (Ed.) Tissue culture and plant science, 1974. Academic Press, New York. pp. 233–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meins, F., 1975. Temperature-sensitive expression of auxin-autotrophy by crown-gall teratoma cells of tobacco. Planta 122: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meins, F., 1976. 5-bromodeoxyuridine: A specific inhibitor of cytokinin-habituation in tobacco cell culture. Planta 129: 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melchers, G., 1965. Einige genetische Gesichtspunkte zu sogenannten Gewebekulturen. Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 78: 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melchers, G. & L. Bergmann, 1958. Untersuchungen an Kulturen von haploiden Geweben von Antirrhinum majus. Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 71: 459–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, J. & F. C. Steward, 1961. Growth induction in cultures of Haplopappus gracilis. II. The behavior of the nucleus. Am. J. Bot. 48: 358–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, J., M. O. Mapes & F. C. Steward, 1960. Growth and organized development of cultured cells. IV. The behavior of the nucleus. Am. J. Bot. 47: 357–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok, M. C., W. H. Gabelman & F. Skoog, 1976. Carotenoid synthesis in tissue cultures of Daucus carota L. J. Am. Soc. hort. Sci. 101: 442–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondeil, F., 1974. Irradiation de microspores en culture d'anthères: Essai d'une nouvelle technique d'obtention de mutations immédiatement décelables et fixables (application à Nicotiana tabacum). Ann. Amélior. Plant. 24: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel, G., 1971. The impact of plant tissue culture on plant breeding. In: Lupton, F. G. H., G. Jenkins & R. Johnson (Eds), VIth Congress of Eucarpia June 29–July 2, 1971. Cambridge, England.

  • Mouras, A. & A. Lutz, 1971. Culture de cellules isolées réalisées à partir d'une souche tissulaire de carotte sauvage produisant des ‘pseudo-embryons’. 96th Congres National des Sociétés Savantes. Vol. IV: 233–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouras, A. & A. Lutz, 1973. Sur les variations du comportement organogène des cultures de tissus de carotte sauvage produisant des pseudo-embryons. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 277: 1151–1153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mousseau, J., 1970. Fluctuations induites par la néoformation de bourgeons in vitro. Colloque international du CNRS 293. Cultures des tissus de plantes. Strasbourg. 234–239.

  • Moutschen, J. & R. Matagne, 1965. Cytological effects of irradiated glucose. Radiat. Bot. 5: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, W. H., 1963. Influence of variation in chromosome number on differentiation in plant tissue culture. Conf. Plant Tissue Culture, Penn. State University, May 28–June 1, 1963. AIBS publication.

  • Muir, W. H., 1965. Influence of variation in chromosome number on differentiation in plant tissue cultures. In: White, P. R. & A. R. Grove (Eds) Proc. int. Conf. Plant Tissue Culture. McCuthan, Berkeley. p. 485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, W. H., A. C. Hildebrandt & A. J. Riker, 1958. The preparation, isolation and growth in culture of single cells from higher plants. Am. J. Bot. 45: 589–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T. & R. Nakano, 1965. Morphogenetic behavior of tobacco tissue cultures and implication of plant senescence. Am. J. Bot. 52: 819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T. & R. Nakano, 1966. Tissue culture as a potential tool in obtaining polyploid plants. J. Hered. 57: 114–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T. & R. Nakano, 1967. Chromosome complement as a determinant of the morphogenic potential of tobacco cells. Am. J. Bot. 54: 963–970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabors, M. W., A. Daniels, Lois Nadolny & C. Brown, 1975. Sodium chloride tolerant lines of tobacco cells. Pl. Sci. Lett. 4: 155–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naef, J. & G. Turian, 1963. Sur les carotenoids du tissus cambial de racine de carrotte cultivé in vitro. Phytochemistry 2: 173–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakai, Y. & T. Shimada, 1975. In vitro culture of wheat tissues. II. Morphological cytological and enzymatic variations induced in wheat callus by growth regulators, adenine sulfate, and casein hydrolysate. Jap. J. Genet. 50: 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayanaswamy, S., 1964. Action des rayons X sur les phénomènes de rhizogénèse d'hypocotyles de Lupin cultivés in vitro. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris 259: 2513–2516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, E., 1932. The morphology and regeneration of Bryophyllum calycinum. Am. J. Bot. 19: 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, E. & B. Johnson, 1937. A histological study of vegetative reproduction in Saintpaulia ionantha. Am. J. Bot. 24: 673–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, L. G., 1973. Test-tube approaches to bypass sex. Hawaiian Planters' Record 58: 293–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, L. G. & D. J. Heinz, 1973. Potential of cell and tissue culture techniques as aids in economic plant improvement. In: Srb, A. (Ed.), Genes, enzymes and populations. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 109–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, L. G. & A. Maretzki, 1972. Developmental and biochemical studies with cultured sugarcane cell suspensions. Proc. IV IFS: Ferment. Technol. Today: 681–688.

  • Nickell, L. G. & W. Tulecke, 1959. Responses of plant tissue cultures to gibberellin. Bot. Gaz. 120: 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson-Jones, W., 1969. Plant chimeras. 2nd ed. Methuen & Co., Ltd., London. 123 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, A., A. Yoshida, M. Mori & N. Sugano, 1974. Isolation of variant cell lines with altered pigmentation. Phytochemistry 13: 1653–1656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, A., Y. Yamada & E. Takahashi, 1968. Organ dedifferentiation and plant restoration in rice culture. Nature 219: 508–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norreel, S. & P. S. Rao, 1974. Study on effect of X-rays on somatic embryogenesis in Daucus carota L. Effect on growth of callosities and initiation of embryos in vitro. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 279: 751–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norstog, K., W. E. Wall & G. P. Howland, 1969. Cytological characteristics of ten-year-old rye-grass endosperm tissue cultures. Bot. Gaz. 130: 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama, K., 1974a. Properties of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant lines of higher plant cells in liquid culture. In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.), Genetic manipulations with plant material. Plenum Press, New York. p. 571 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama, K., 1974b. Properties of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant lines of higher plant cells in liquid culture. Expl. Cell Res. 89: 31–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opatrny, Z., 1973. Effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane upon the growth of tissue cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L. Biol. Plant. 15: 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opatrny, Z., 1974. Effect of gamma radiation on the growth of primary and ‘long-term’ tissue cultures. Biol. Plant. 16: 418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opatrny, Z. & Z. Landa, 1973. The morphogenesis of green buds in X-irradiated leaf and stem explants of ‘Aurea’ chlorophyll mutant Nicotiana tabacum L. Biol. Plant. 15: 129–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opatrny, Z. & Z. Landa, 1974. The regeneration of chlorophyll chimeras from leaf explants of Nicotiana tabacum L. Biol. Plant. 16: 312–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. E. & J. M. Widholm, 1975. Characterization of carrot and tobacco cell cultures resistant to p-fluorophenylalanine. Plant Physiol. 56: 233–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partenen, C. R., 1959. Quantitative chromosomal changes and differentiation in plants. In: Rudnick, D. (Ed.), Developmental cytology. Ronald Press, Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partenen, C. R., 1963. Plant tissue culture in relation to developmental cytology. Int. Rev. Cytol. 15: 215–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partenen, C. R., 1965. Cytological behaniour of plant tissues in vitro as a reflection of potentialities in vivo. In: P. R. White & A. R. Grove (Eds.) Proc. int. Conf. Plant Tissue Culture. McCutchan, Berkeley. pp. 463–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partenen, C. R., I. M. Sussex & T. A. Steeves, 1955. Nuclear behavior in relation to abnormal growth in fern prothalli. Am. J. Bot. 42: 245–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patau, K. & N. K. Das, 1961. The relation of DNA synthesis and mitosis in tobacco pith tissue culture in vitro. Chromosoma 11: 553–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patau, K., N. K. Das & F. Skoog 1957. Induction of DNA synthesis by kinetin and indoleacetic acid in excised tobacco pith tissue. Physiol. Plant. 10: 949–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, S. K., 1969. Differentiation and growth of geranium plants from stem tip and callus cultures. In Vitro 4: 132–133 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, S. K. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1969a. Anatomical changes accompanying differentiation of geranium callus in vitro. Bull. Torrey bot. Club 96: 96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, S. K. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1969b. Induced differentiation of geranium plants from undifferentiated callus in vitro. Am. J. Bot. 56: 52–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, S. K. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1969c. Morphogenetic changes of geranium callus in suspension cultures. Phytomorphology 19: 154–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, P. S., H. Harada & V. A. Bapat, 1976. A comparative study of the differential radiosensitivity of seeds, seedlings, and tissue culture of the Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil). Pl. Cell Physiol. 17: 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronchi, V. N., S. Avanzi & F. D'Amato, 1965. Chromosome endoreduplication (endopolyploidy) in pea root meristems induced by 8-azaguanine. Caryologia 18: 599–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, M. N. & M. A. Stahmann, 1973. A comparison of isozyme patterns of crown gall and bacteria free-gall tissue cultures with noninfected stems and noninfected tissue cultures of sunflower. Phytopath. Z. 78: 301–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinert, J., 1956. Dissociation of cultures of Picea glauca into small tissue fragments and single cells. Science 123: 457–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinert, J., 1959. Über die Kontrolle der Morphogenese und die Induktion von Adventivembryonen an Gewebekulturen aus Karotten. Planta 53: 318–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennert, A. & L. Antoshevska, 1970. Growth, survival rate and ascorbic acid level of normal and tumor-bearing cultures of tobacco tissues following exposure to X-irradiation. Radiobiologiya 10: 580–583 (from Biol. Abstr. No. 121729 (1971)).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, T. B. & P. S. Carlson, 1975. Genetic analysis and plant improvement. A. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 26: 279–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacristan, M. D., 1967. Auxin auxotrophie und chromosomenzahl. Molec. Gen. 99: 311–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacristan, M. D., 1971. Karyotypic changes in callus cultures from haploid and diploid plants of Crepis capillaris (L.). Chromosoma 33: 273–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacristan, M. D. & A. Lutz, 1970. Etude du nombre chromosomique sur des plantes de tabac d'origine unicellulaire. C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris D 270: 1334–1336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacristan, M. D. & G. Melchers, 1969. The caryological analysis of plants regenerated from tumorous and other callus cultures of tobacco. Molec. Genet. 105: 317–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, K. & C. P. Swanson, 1941. Differential sensitivity of cells to X-rays. Am. J. Bot. 28: 52–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shama Rao, H. K. & S. Narayanaswamy, 1975. Effect of gamma irradiation on cell proliferation and regeneration in explanted tissues of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Mills P. Radiat. Bot. 15: 301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shama Rao, H. K. & S. Narayanaswamy, 1976. Anatomical anomalies in tissue culture-induced roots of Cajanus cajan (L.) Mills P. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 83: 207–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, W. R., L. S. Caldas, O. J. Crocomo, L. C. Monaco & A. Carvalho, 1973. Production of Coffea arabica callus of three ploidy levels and subsequent morphogenesis. Phyton 31: 67–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, W. F., 1974. Plant regeneration and chromosome stability in tissue cultures. In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.), Genetic manipulation with plant material, Plenum and Co., London. pp. 263–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, T. & M. Tabata, 1967. Chromosome number in cultured pith tissue of tobacco. Jap. J. Genet. 47: 195–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, T., T. Sasakuma & K. Tsunewaki, 1969. In vitro culture of wheat tissue. I. Callus formation, organ redifferentiation and single cell culture. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 11: 294–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievert, R. C. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1965. Variations within single cell clones of tobacco tissue cultures. Am. J. Bot. 52: 742–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievert, R. C., A. C. Hildebrandt, R. H. Burris & A. J. Riker, 1961. Growth in vitro of single cell clones isolated from a single cell clone. Pl. Physiol. Lancaster. 36: Suppl. XXIX.

  • Simola, L. K., 1972. Changes in the activity of several enzymes during root differentiation in cultured cells of Atropa belladonna. Z. Pfl. Physiol. 68: 373–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simola, L. K. & T. Sopanen, 1971. Effect of α-naphthalene- and α-naphthaleneacetic acid on the activity of certain enzymes of Atropa belladonna cv. lutea cells in suspension culture. Physiol. Plant. 25: 8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B. D. & B. L. Harvey, 1975. Cytogenetic studies on Haplopappus gracilis cells cultured on agar and in liquid media. Cytologia 40: 347–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B. D., B. L. Harvey, K. N. Kao & R. A. Miller, 1972. Selection pressure in cell populations of Vicia hajastana cultured in vitro. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 14: 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B. D., B. L. Harvey, K. N. Kao & R. A. Miller, 1975. Karyotypic changes and selection pressure in Haplopappus gracilis suspension cultures. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 17: 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skirvin, R. M. & J. Janick, 1976a. Tissue culture-induced variation in scented Pelargonium spp. J. Amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 101: 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skirvin, R. M. & J. Janick, 1976b. ‘Velvet Rose’ Pelargonium, a scented geranium. HortSci. 11: 61–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skirvin, R. M. & J. Janick, 1976c. Chromosome doubling and reduction in in vitro and in vivo systems. HortSci. 11: 329 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M. & H. E. Street, 1974. The decline of embryogenic potential as callus and suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota L.) are serially subcultured. Ann. Bot. 38: 223–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, H., R. C. Sparrow & L. A. Schairer, 1960. The use of X-rays to induce somatic mutations in Saintpaulia. African Violet Mag. 13: 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel-Roy, P. & J. Kochba, 1973. Stimulation of differentiation in orange (Citrus sinensis) ovular callus in relation to irradiation of the media. Radiat. Bot. 13: 97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel-Roy, P. & J. Kochba, 1975. Production of solid mutants in Citrus, utilizing new approaches and techniques. In: Improvement of vegetatively propagated crops through induced mutations. I.A.E.A., Vienna, pp. 117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhart, C. E., 1962. Tissue cultures of a cactus. Science 137: 545–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steward, F. C., A. E. Kent & M. O. Mapes, 1967. Growth and organization in cultured cells: sequential and synergistic effects of growth-regulating substances. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 144: 326–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steward, F. C., E. M. Shantz, J. K. Pollard, M. O. Mapes & J. Mitra, 1961. Growth induction in explanted cells and tissues: Metabolic and morphogenetic manifestations. In: Rudnick, D. (Ed.). Synthesis of molecular and cellular structure. Ronald Press: New York. pp. 193–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stickland, R. G. & N. Sunderland, 1972a. Production of anthocyanins, flavonols, and chlorogenic acids by cultivated callus tissues of Haplopappus gracilis. Ann. Bot. 36: 443–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stickland, R. G. & N. Sunderland, 1972b. Photocontrol of growth, and of anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid production in cultured callus of Haplopappus gracilis. Ann. Bot. 36: 671–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, J., 1954. Maize endosperm tissue grown in vitro. II. Morphology and cytology. Am. J. Bot. 41: 833–839.

    Google Scholar 

  • Street, H. E., 1974. Plant cell cultures: present and projected applications for studies in genetics. In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.). Genetic manipulations with plant material. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 231–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugano, N., S. Miya & A. Nishi, 1971. Carotenoid synthesis in a suspension culture of carrot cells. Pl. Cell Physiol. 12: 525–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, N., 1973. Nuclear cytology. In: Street, H. E. (Ed.), Plant tissue and cell culture. Chapter 7. Blackwell, Oxford, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sung, Z. R., J. Smith & E. R. Signer, 1974. Quantitative mutagenesis in soybean suspension culture: In: Ledoux, L. (Ed.), Genetic manipulations with plant material. Plenum Press, New York. p. 574 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Syono, K. & T. Furuya, 1972. Abnormal flower formation of tobacco plants regenerated from callus cultures. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 85: 273–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syono, K. & T. Furuya, 1974. Induction of auxin-nonrequiring tobacco calluses and its reversal by treatments with auxins. Pl. Cell Physiol. 15: 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. G., 1959. Experimental modification of development in the root. In: Rudnick, D. (Ed.). Cell, organism and milieu. Ronald Press, New York. pp. 189–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. G., 1961. Kinetin as a trigger for mitosis in mature endomitotic plant cells. Expl Cell Res. 23: 281–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. G., 1965. Cytological evidence of cell selection by plant tissue culture media. In: White P. R. & A. R. Grove (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant Tissue Culture. McCutchan Publishing Co., Berkeley. pp. 473–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. G., 1967. Morphogenesis in relation to chromosomal constitution in long-term plant tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 20: 265–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. G. & Y. Shigemura, 1957. Growth and controlled morphogenesis in pea root callus tissue grown in liquid media. Am. J. Bot. 44: 334–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trosko, J. E. & V. H. Mansour, 1968. Response of tobacco and Haplopappus cells to ultraviolet radiation after a post treatment with photoreactivating light. Radiat. Res. 36: 333–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trosko, J. E. & V. H. Mansour, 1969a. Photoreactivation of ultraviolet light induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in tobacco cells grown in vitro. Radiat. Bot. 9: 523–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trosko, J. E. & V. H. Mansour, 1969b. Photoreactivation of ultra-violet light induced pyrimidine dimers in Ginkgo cells grown in vitro. Mutation Res. 7: 120–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschermak-Woess, E., 1956. Karyologische Pflanzenanatomie. Protoplasma 46: 798–834.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vagera, J., F. J. Novak & B. Byskot, 1976. Anther cultures of Nicotiana tabacum mutants. Theor. appl. Genet. 47: 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, I. K. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1966a. Growth and chlorophyll formation in plant callus tissue grown in vitro. Planta 68: 69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, I. K. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1966b. Variations of morphogenetic behavior in plant tissue cultures. I. Cichorium endiva. Am. J. Bot. 53: 860–869.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, I. K. & A. C. Hildebrandt, 1966c. Variations of morphogenetic behavior in plant tissue cultures. II. Petroselinum hortense. Am. J. Bot. 53: 869–874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venketeswaren, S., 1962. Tissue culture studies on Vicia faba. I. Establishment of culture. Phytomorphology 12: 300–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venketeswaren, S., 1963. Tissue culture studies on Vicia faba. II. Cytology. Caryologia 16: 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venketeswaren, S., 1965. Studies on the isolation of green pigmented callus tissue of tobacco and its continued maintenance in suspension cultures. Physiol. Plant. 18: 776–789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venketeswaren, S. & C. R. Partenen, 1964. Radiation studies on a genetic strain of ‘albino’ tobacco in tissue culture. Genetics 50: 292–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venketeswaren, S. & C. R. Partenen, 1966. A comparative study of the effects of gamma radiation on organized and disorganized growth of tobacco. Radiat. Bot. 6: 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widholm, J. M., 1972a. Anthranilate synthetase from 5-methyltrytophan susceptible and resistant cultured Daucus carota cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 279: 48–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widholm, J. M., 1972b. Cultured Nicotiana tabacum cells with an altered anthranilate synthetase which is less sensitive to feedback inhibition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 261: 52–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widholm, J. M., 1974a. Selection and characteristics of biochemical mutants of cultured plant cells. In: Street, H. E. (Ed.), Tissue culture and plant science 1974. Academic Press, Inc., London. pp. 287–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widholm, J. M., 1974b. Cultured carrot cell mutants: 5-methyl-tryptophan resistance trait carried from cell to plant and back. Pl. Sci. Lett. 3: 323–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widholm, J. M., 1976. Selection and characterization of cultured carrot and tobacco cells resistant to lysine, methionine, and proline analogs. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1523–1529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemot, C. & W. G. Boll., 1959. Changed response of excised tomato roots to pyridoxine deficiency prolonged sterile culture. Can. J. Bot. 40: 1107–1113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H. M. & H. E. Street, 1975. The growth, anatomy, and morphogenetic potential of callus and cell suspension cultures of Hevea brasiliensis. Ann. Bot. 39: 671–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winton, L. L., 1970. Shoot and tree production from aspen tissue cultures. Am. J. Bot. 57: 904–909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolter, K. E., 1968. Root and shoot initiation in aspen callus cultures. Nature 219: 509–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, L. & H. W. Li, 1971. Induction of callus tissues' initiation from different somatic organs of rice plant by various concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Cytologia 36: 411–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamane, Y., 1975. Chromosomal variation in calluses induced in Vicia faba and Allium cepa. Jap. J. Genet. 50: 353–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarbrough, J. A., 1936. Regeneration in the foliage leaf of Sedum. Am. J. Bot. 23: 303–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazawa, S., 1967. Cytological and morphological observations on the callus tissue of Crepis capillaris. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 80: 413–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenk, M. H., 1974. Haploids in physiological and biochemical research. In: Kasha, K. J. (Ed.), Haploids in higher plants, advances and potential. Univ. of Guelph, Ontario. pp. 339–353.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Skirvin, R.M. Natural and induced variation in tissue culture. Euphytica 27, 241–266 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039141

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039141

Index words

Navigation