Abstract
Four theories of aging are discussed to examine how effectively they might explain the aging process in rotifers. One of the early theories, the rate of living theory of aging can perhaps be discounted. Although the theory predicts that increased biological energy expenditure, in the form of increased activity or reproduction, would lead to a shorter lifespan, these predictions are not born out by experimental evidence. At the whole animal level, a case can be made for a theory of programmed aging, where the end of reproduction signals the end of the lifespan. Support for this view comes from the observation that lifespan is positively correlated with reproductive parameters, that treatments that extend lifespan usually act to extend the reproductive period, and that the end of reproduction is associated with high mortality and senescent biochemical changes. Two molecular theories of aging are also discussed; the free radical theory of aging and the calcium theory of aging. These theories point to the fact that molecular damage accumulates and that calcium influx increases in the course of aging. When free radical buildup or calcium homeostasis is reduced, lifespan is extended. A molecular explanation of aging does not necessarily exclude the idea of programmed aging. It is probable that an eventual understanding of the aging process will rest on both a physiological and molecular basis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arking, R. & S. P. Dudas, 1989. Review of genetic investigations into the aging process of Drosophila. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 37: 757–773.
Barrows, C. H. & G. C. Kokkonen, 1985. Rotifers. In: Non-mammalian models for research on aging. Interdisipl. Topics Geront. 21: 188–200.
Beauvais, J. E. & H. E. Enesco, 1985. Lifespan and agerelated changes in activity level of the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli: influence of curare. Exp. Gerontol. 20: 359–366.
Begon, M. & M. Mortimer, 1986. Population ecology, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. 220 pp.
Bell, G., 1984. Measuring the cost of reproduction I. The correlation structure of the life table of a plankton rotifer. Evolution 38: 300–313.
Bell, G., 1986. Reply to Reznick et al. Evolution 10: 1344–1346.
Bell, G. & V. Koufopanou, 1986. The cost of reproduction. Oxford Surveys of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.: 83–131.
Bernstein, C. & H. Bernstein, 1991. Aging, sex and DNA repair. Academic Press, N.Y. 382 pp.
Bozovic, V. & H. E. Enesco, 1986. Effects of antioxidants on rotifer lifespan and activity. Age 9: 41–45.
Bozovic, V. & H. E. Enesco, 1989. Cortisone extends lifespan in the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 9: 45–51.
Campbell, K. P., A. T. Leung, & A. H. Sharp, 1968. The biochemistry and molecular biology of the dihydropyrididnesensitive calcium channel. Trends in neuroscience. 10: 425–430.
Carafoli, E., 1987. Intracellular calcium homeostasis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56: 395–433.
Carmona, M. J., A. Serra, & M. R. Miracle, 1989. Protein patterns in rotifers: the timing of aging. In C. Ricci, T. W. Snell & C. E. King (eds), Rotifer Symposium V. Developments in Hydrobiology 52. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 325–330. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 186/187.
Carmona, M. J., M. Serra & M. R. Miracle, 1992. Relationships between mixis in Brachionus plicatilis and preconditioning of culture medium by crowding. Proceedings of VI International Rotifer Symposium, Banyoles, Spain.
Comfort, A., 1979. The biology of senescence, 3rd edn. Elsevier North Holland, N.Y., 414 pp.
Enesco, H. E., V. Bozovic & P. D. Anderson, 1989. The relationship between lifespan and reproduction in the rotifer Asplanchna brfghtwelli. Mech. Ageing Dev. 48: 281–289.
Enesco, H. E. & D. Mahoney, 1981. Age related decrease in nuclear and nucleolar size in hypodermal cells of the rotifer. Exp. Geront. 16: 41–45.
Enesco, H. E., A. McTavish & R. Garberi, 1990. Spontaneous activity level and lifespan in rotifers: Lack of support for the rate of living theory. Gerontology 36: 256–261.
Enesco, H. E. & C. Verdone-Smith, 1980. α-Tocopherol increases lifespan in the rotifer Philodina. Exp. Geront. 15: 335–338.
Enesco, H. E., A. Wolanskyj & M. Sawada, 1988. Effect of copper on lifespan and lipid peroxidation in rotifers. Age. 12: 19–23.
Epp, R. W. & W. M. Lewis, Jr., 1984. Cost and speed of locomotion in rotifers. Oecologia 61: 289–292.
Fanestil, D. D. & C. H. Barrows, 1965. Aging in the rotifer. J. Gerontol. 20: 462–469.
Finch, C. E., 1990. Longevity, senescence and the genome. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago 922 pp.
Gilbert, J. J. & A. Thompson, 1968. Alpha tocopherol control of sexuality and polymorphism in the rotifer Asplanchna. Science 159: 734–736.
Gilbert, J. J., 1973. Induction and ecological significance of gigantism in the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi. Science 181: 63–66.
Gilbert, J. J., 1974. Effect of tocopherol on the growth and development of rotifers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27: 1005–1016.
Harman, D., 1956. Aging: a theory based on free-radicals and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 11: 298–300.
Hart, R. W. & A. Turturro, 1983. Theories of aging. In Review Biol. Aging Research. 1: 5–17, Alan R. Liss Inc., N.Y.
Herold, R. C. & N. D. Meadow, 1970. Age related changes in ultrastructure and histochemistry of rotiferan organs. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 33: 203–218.
Jennings, H. S. & R. S. Lynch, 1928. Age, mortality, fertility and individual diversity in the rotifer Proales sordida Gosse. J. exp. Zool. 51: 339–381.
Khachaturian, Z. S., 1987. Hypothesis on the regulation of cytosol calcium concentrations and the aging brain. Neurobiol. Aging 8: 345–346.
Khachaturian, Z. S., 1989. The role of calcium regulation in brain aging: reexamination of a hypothesis. Aging 1: 17–34.
King, C. E., 1969. Experimental studies on ageing in rotifers. Exp. Gerontol. 4: 63–79.
King, C. E. & M. R. Miracle, 1980. A perspective on aging in rotifers. In H. J. Dumont & J. Green (eds), Rotatoria. Developments in Hydrobiology I. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague: 13–19. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 73.
King, C. E., 1982. The evolution of life span. In H. Dingle & J. P. Hegmann (eds), Evolution and genetics of life histories, Springer-Verlag, N.Y.: 121–138.
King, C. E., 1983. A re-examination of the Lansing Effect. In B. Pejler, R. Starkweather & Th. Nogrady (eds), Biology of Rotifers. Developments in Hydrobiology 14. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague: 135–139. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 104.
Lansing, A. I., 1942. Some effects of hydrogen ion concentration, total salt concentration, calcium and citrate on longevity and fecundity in the rotifer. J. exp. Zool. 91: 195–211.
Lansing, A. I., 1964. Age variations in the cortical membranes of rotifers. J. Cell. Biol. 23: 403–422.
Lints, F. A., 1989. The rate of living theory revisited. Gerontology 35: 36–57.
Litton, J. R., 1987. Specificity of the α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) effect on lifespan and fecundity of bdelloid rotifers. In L. May R. Wallace & A. Herzig (eds), Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology 42. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht: 135–139. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 147.
Loeb, J. & H. H. Northrop, 1917. On the influence of food and temperature on the duration of life. J. Biol. Chem. 32: 102–121.
Makman, M. H. & G. B. Stefano, 1984. Murine muscles and cephalopods as models for study of neuronal aging. In D. H. Mitchel & T. E. Johnson (eds), Invertebrate Models in Aging Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton: 165–189.
McTavish, A., M. Sawada & H. E. Enesco, 1990. Nifedipine influences rotifer lifespan: Studies on the calcium theory of aging. Age 13: 65–71.
Meadow, N. D. & C. H. Barrows, 1971. Studies on ageing in a bdelloid rotifer. Il. The effects of various environmental conditions and maternal age on longevity and fecundity. J. Gerontol. 26: 302–309.
Pearl, R., 1928. The rate of living. Knopf, N.Y. 235 pp.
Plate, L., 1886. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Rotatorien. Jena z.f. Naturwiss. 19: 1–120.
Reznick, D., 1985. Costs of reproduction: An evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44: 257–267.
Reznick, D. N., E. Perry & J. Travis, 1986. Measuring the cost of reproduction: A comment on papers by Bell. Evolution 40: 1338–1344.
Rosseter, T. B., 1884. Observation on the life history of Sephanoceros eichhomii. J.r. micros. Soc. 4: 80–84.
Rougier, C. & R. Pourriot, 1977. Aging and control of reproduction in Brachionus calycifiorus (Pallas) (Rotatoria). Exp. Geront. 12: 137–151.
Sawada, M. & J. C. Carlson, 1985. Association of lipid peroxidation during luteal regression in the rat and natural aging in the rotifer. Exp. Geront. 20: 179–186.
Sawada, M. & J. C. Carlson, 1987. Association between lipid peroxidation and life-modifying factors in rotifers. J. Geront. 42: 451–456.
Sawada, M. & J. C. Carlson, 1990. Biochemical changes associated with the mechanism controlling superoxide radical formation in the aging rotifer. J. Cellular Biochem. 44: 153–165.
Sawada, M., J. C. Carlson, & H. E. Enesco, 1990. The effects of UV radiation and antioxidants on lifespan and lipid peroxidation in the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 10: 27–36.
Sawada, M. & H. E. Enesco, 1984a. Vitamin E extends the lifespan of the short-lived rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli. Exp. Geront. 19: 179–183.
Sawada, M. & H. E. Enesco, 1984b. A study of dietary restriction and lifespan in the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli monitored by chronic neutral red exposure. Exp. Geront. 19: 329–334.
Schneider, E. L., 1987. Theories of aging: A perspective. In H. R. Warner, R. N. Butler, R. L. Sprott & E. L. Schneider. Modern Biological Theories of Aging, Raven Press, New York: 1–4.
Service, P. M., 1989. The effect of mating status on lifespan, egg laying and starvation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster in relation to selection on longevity. J. Insect Physiol. 35: 447–452.
Sincock, A. M. 1974. Calcium and aging in the rotifer Mytilina brevispina var redunca. J. Gerontol. 29: 514–517.
Sincock, A. M. 1975. Life extension in the rotifer Mytilina brevispina var redunca by the application of chelating agents. J. Gerontol. 30: 289–293.
Snell, T. W., J. Childress & B. C. Winkler, 1988. Characteristics of the mate recognition factor in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89A: 481–485.
Snell, T. W. & C. E. King, 1977. Lifespan and fecundity patterns in rotifers: The cost of reproduction. Evolution 31: 882–890.
Snell, T. W. & M. A. Nacionales, 1990. Sex pheromone communication in Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97 A: 221–216.
Spemann, F. W., 1924. Uber Lebensdauer. Altem and andere Fragen der Rotatorien — Biologie. Z. Wiss. Zool. 123: 136.
Stemberger, R. S. & J. J. Gilbert, 1987. Rotifer threshold food concentrations and the size-efficiency hypothesis. Ecology 68: 181–187.
Trump, B. F., I. K. Berezesky, T. Sato, K. V. Laiho, P. C. Phelps & N. Declaris, 1984. Cell calcium, cell injury and cell death. Envir. Health Perspec. 57: 281–287.
Uchiyama, M. & M. Mihara, 1978. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by the thiobarbituric acid test. Analyt. Biochem. 86: 271–278.
Verdone-Smith, C., 1981. The effects of temperature and dietary restriction on aging and reproductive patterns in the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli, Gosse. M. Sc. thesis, Concordia University, Montreal.
Verdone-Smith, C. & H. E. Enesco, 1982. The effect of temperature and of dietary restriction on lifespan and reproduction in the rotifer Asplanchna bnghtwelli. Exp. Geront. 17: 255–262.
Weindruch, R. & R. L. Walford, 1988. The retardation of aging and disease by dietary restriction.Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 436 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Enesco, H.E. Rotifers in aging research: use of rotifers to test various theories of aging. Hydrobiologia 255, 59–70 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00025821
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00025821