Summary
Salinity inhibited growth of plants in both low and high humidities when compared to control plants grown under the same conditions. However, salttreated plants grew better under high humidity when compared to saltstressed plants grown under low humidity. Benzyl adenine (B.A.) sprays did not have any effect on growth of salt-treated plants grown in low humidity. However, when plants were grown in high humidity, B.A. either had no effect or inhibited the growth of the plants. Salinity increased leaf resistance to water vapor loss (R l ) in both low and high humidity, and B.A. decreased R l of salt-treated plants in both humidities. The effects of salinity on decreasing root permeability were the same in both humidities studied, and they were not reversed by B.A. applications. The results do not support the idea that growth inhibition due to salinity is simply the result of impaired cytokinin metabolism and/or transport. Rather, the growth inhibition probably is due to the effect of salinity on the balance of hormones and could be acting at several different steps. re]19720725
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adriani, J. M., Der Wasserhaushalt der Halophyten. In, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, W. Ruhland, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 3, 902–913 (1956).
Ayers, A. D., Wadleigh, C. H., and Magistad, O. C., The interrelationships of salt concentration and soil moisture content with the growth of beans. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 35, 796–810 (1943).
Beevers, L., Growth regulator control of senescence in leaf discs of nasturtium (Tropaelum majus). In Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Growth Substances, F. Wightman and G. Setterfield, ed., The Runge Press Ltd., Ottawa, Canada. pp. 1417–1435 (1968).
Bernstein, L., Osmotic adjustment of plants to saline media. I. Steady state. Am. J. Botany 48, 909–918 (1961).
Bernstein, L., Osmotic adjustment of plants to saline media. II. Dynamic phase. Am. J. Botany 50, 360–370 (1963).
Bernstein, L. and Hayward, H. E., Physiology of salt tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 9, 25–46 (1958).
Black, R. F., Effects of NaCl on the ion uptake and growth of Atriplex vesicaria Heward. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 13, 249–266 (1960).
Boyer, J. S., Effects of osmotic water stress on metabolic rates of cotton plants with open stomata. Plant Physiol. 40, 229–234 (1965).
Eaton, F. M., The water requirement and cell sap concentration of Australian saltbush and wheat as related to the salinity of the soil. Australian J. Botany 14, 212–226 (1927).
Eaton, F. M., Toxicity and accumulation of chloride and sulfate salts in plants. J. Agr. Research 64, 357–399 (1942).
Gates, D. M., Transpiration and leaf temperature. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 19, 211–238 (1968).
Gauch, H. G. and Wadleigh, C. H., Effects of high salt concentration on growth of bean plants. Botan. Gaz. 105, 379–387 (1944).
Harris, J. A., Valentine, A. T., Gortner, R. A., and Lawrence, J. V., The osmotic concentration, specific electrical conductivity, and chloride content of tissue fluids of the indicator plants of Toole Valley, Utah. J. Agr. Research 27, 893–921 (1924).
Hayward, H. E. and Long, E. M., Some effects of sodium salts on the growth of the tomato. Plant Physiol. 18, 556–569 (1943).
Hayward, H. E. and Wadleigh, C. H., Plant growth on saline and alkali soils. Adv. Agron. 1, 1–38 (1949).
Hewlett, J. D. and Kramer, P. J., The measurement of water deficits in broadleaf plants. Protoplasma 57, 381–391 (1963).
Itai, C. and Vaadia, Y., Kinetin-like activity in root exudate of water stressed sunflower plants. Physiol. Plantarum 18, 941–944 (1965).
Itai, C., Richmond, A., and Vaadia, Y., The role of root cytokinins during water and salinity stress. Israel J. Botany 17, 187–193 (1968).
Janes, B. E., Adjustment mechanisms of plants subjected to varied osmotic pressures of nutrient solution. Soil Sci. 101, 180–188 (1966).
Janes, B. E., Effects of extended periods of osmotic stress on water relationships of pepper. Physiol. Plantarum 21, 334–345 (1968).
Jenkins, J. V., An airflow planimeter for measuring the area of detached leaves. Plant Physiol. 34, 532–536 (1959).
Kahane, I. and Poljakoff-Mayber, A., Effect of sulphate and chloride salinity on absorption and metabolism of amino acids in pea root tips. Israel J. Botany 17, 28 (1968).
Kanemasu, E. T., Thurtell, G. W., and Tanner, C. B., Design, calibration and field use of a stomatal diffusion porometer. Plant Physiol. 44, 881–885 (1969).
Klepper, B., Effects of osmotic pressure on exudation from corn roots. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 20, 723–735 (1967).
Kramer, P. J., Effects of wilting on the subsequent intake of water by plants. Am. J. Botany 37, 280–284 (1950).
Kramer, P. J., Plant and Soil Water Relationships: A Modern Synthesis. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 482 p. (1969).
Livne, A. and Vaadia, Y., Stimulation of transpiration rate in barley leaves by kinetin and gibberellic acid. Physiol. Plantarum 18, 658–664 (1965).
Lundegardh, H., Plant Physiology. Translated by F. M. Irvine, Amer. Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, 549 p. (1966).
McCool, M. M. and Millar, C. E., The water content of the soil and the composition and concentration of the soil solution as indicated by the freezing point lowerings of the roots and tops of the plants. Soil Sci. 3, 113–138 (1917).
Meiri, A., Mor, E., and Poljakoff-Mayber, A., Effect of exposure to salinity on growth, water status, and salt accumulation in bean plants. Ann. Botany 34, 383–391 (1970).
Mizrahi, Y., Blumenfeld, A., and Richmond, A. E., Abscisic acid and transpiration in leaves in relation to osmotic root stress. Plant Physiol. 46, 169–171 (1970).
Morrow, P. A. and Slatyer, R. O., Leaf temperature effects on measurements of diffusive resistance to water vapor transfer. Plant Physiol. 47, 559–561 (1971).
Nieman, R. H. and Poulsen, L. L., Interactive effects of salinity and atmospheric humidity on the growth of bean and cotton plants. Botan. Gaz. 128, 69–73 (1967).
O'Leary, J. W., Root pressure exudation in woody plants. Botan. Gaz. 126, 108–115 (1965).
O'Leary, J. W., The effect of salinity on the permeability of roots to water. Israel J. Botany 18, 1–9 (1969).
O'Leary, J. W., Physiological basis for plant growth inhibition due to salinity. In Food, Fiber, and Arid Lands. AAAS and University of Arizona Press, ed. by W. McGinnies and B. Goldman. 332–336. (1971).
O'Leary, J. W., Development and reversal of plant responses to salinity and water stress. In Plant Morphogenesis as a Basis for Management of Rangeland Resources (in press) (1972).
O'Leary, J. W. and Prisco, J. T., Response of osmotically stressed plants to growth regulators. Adv. Front. Plant Sci. 25, 129–139 (1970).
Padurariu, A., Horovitz, C. T., Paltineanu, and Negomireanu, V., On the relationship between soil moisture and osmotic potential in maize and sugar beet plants. Physiol. Plant. 22, 850–860 (1969).
Porath, E. and Poljakoff-Mayber, A., Effect of salinity on metabolic pathways in pea root tips. Israel J. Botany 13, 115–121 (1964).
Prisco, J. T. and O'Leary, J. W., Osmotic and “toxic” effects of salinity on germination of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds. Turrialba 20, 177–184 (1970).
Prisco, J. T. and O'Leary, J. W., Enhancement of intact bean leaf senescence by NaCl salinity. Physiol. Plant. 27, 95–100 (1972).
Richards, L. A., Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agr. Handbook No. 60, U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 160 p. (1954).
Richards, L. A. and Wadleigh, C. H., Soil water and plant growth. In Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth, B. T. Shaw, ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 73–251 (1952).
Richmond, A., Hormonal aspects involved in root stress. Israel J. Botany 17, 127–128 (1968).
RufJr., R. H., EckertJr., R. E., and Gifford, R. O., Components of osmotic adjustment of plants to rapid changes in root medium osmotic pressure. Soil Sci. 104, 159–162 (1967).
Sampson, J., A method of replicating dry and moist surfaces for examination by light microscopy. Nature 191, 932–933 (1961).
Schimper, A. R. W., Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage. Jena, G. Fischer, 588 p. (1898).
Sitton, D., Richmond, A., and Vaadia, Y., On the synthesis of gibberellins in roots. Phytochemistry 6, 1101–1105 (1967).
Skene, K. G. M., Gibberellin-like substances in root exudation of Vitis vinifera. Planta 74, 250–262 (1967).
Slatyer, R. O., Effects of various osmotic substances on water relations of tomato. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 14, 519–540 (1961).
Slatyer, R. O., Plant-Water Relationships. Academic Press, New York, 366 p. (1967).
Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H., Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 481 p. (1960).
Strogonov, B. P., Physiological Basis of Salt Tolerance of Plants. Translated from Russian by A. Poljakoff-Mayber and A. M. Mayer, Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., 279 p. (1964).
Tal, M. and Imber, D., Abnormal stomatal behavior and hormonal imbalance in flacca, a wilty mutant of tomato. II. Auxin and abscisic acid-like activity. Plant Physiol. 46, 373–376 (1970).
Tal, M., Imber, D., and Itai, C., Abnormal stomatal behavior and hormonal imbalance in flacca, a wilty mutant of tomato. I. Root effect and kinetin-like activity. Plant Physiol. 46, 367–372 (1970).
Wadleigh, C. H. and Ayers, A. D., Growth and biochemical composition of bean plants as conditioned by soil moisture tension and salt concentration. Plant Physiol. 20, 106–132 (1945).
Wadleigh, C. H., Gauch, H. G., and Magistad, O. C., Growth and rubber accumulation in guayule as conditioned by soil salinity and irrigation regime. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 925 (1946).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
TarQuinio Prisco, J., O'Leary, J.W. The effects of humidity and cytokinin on growth and water relations of salt-stressed bean plants. Plant Soil 39, 263–276 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00014793
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00014793