Abstract
Metabolism is the major pathway for the elimination of the majority of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules from the body. Metabolism of the drug can occur predominantly in the liver and kidney with a minor contribution from the GI tract, lungs, skin, and plasma. In the liver, the cytochrome P450 enzymes play a major role in the metabolism of drugs and have a significant role in “drug interaction” due to enzyme induction and inhibition during multiple drug administration. Usually, the drug or any xenobiotic undergoes phase I metabolism wherein the toxic compound is structurally converted to non-toxic compound followed by phase II wherein modified metabolite is conjugated with endogenous molecules to make it water soluble for ease of excretion. During metabolism, a drug can be inactivated or activated from a prodrug state or can produce inactive or active metabolites. Knowledge about the organ metabolizing the drug is important for physician while administering multiple drugs in disease-states like liver and renal failure for the “fine-tuning” of the dose of a drug and avoiding further damage to the failing organ. As various factors like age, gender, food intake, disease status of the metabolizing organ, circadian rhythm, and genetic polymorphism can influence the drug metabolizing capacity, basic knowledge about the drug metabolism is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography
Almazroo OA, Miah MK, Venkataramanan R (2017) Drug metabolism in the liver. Clin Liver Dis 21:1–20
Bozina N, Bradamante V, Lovrić M (2009) Genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes P450 (CYP) as a susceptibility factor for drug response, toxicity, and cancer risk. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 60:217–242
Ennulat D, Walker D, Clemo F, Magid-Slav M, Ledieu D, Graham M et al (2010) Effects of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme induction on clinical pathology parameters in animals and man. Toxicol Pathol 38:810–828
Foth H (1995) Role of the lung in accumulation and metabolism of xenobiotic compounds--implications for chemically induced toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 25:165–205
Hachad H, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Levy RH (2002) New antiepileptic drugs: review on drug interactions. Ther Drug Monit 24:91
Hodel EMS, Csajka C, Ariey F, Guidi M, Kabanywanyi AM, Duong S et al (2013) Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and N-acetyltransferase 2 genes on the metabolism of artemisinin-based combination therapies in malaria patients from Cambodia and Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:950–958
Iyanagi T (2007) Molecular mechanism of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes: implications for detoxification. Int Rev Cytol 260:35–112
Jancova P, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E (2010) Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 154:103–116
Kolátorová L, Lapčík O, Stárka L (2018) Phytoestrogens and the intestinal microbiome. Physiol Res 67:S401–S408
Kurogi K, Chepak A, Hanrahan MT, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M et al (2014) Sulfation of opioid drugs by human cytosolic sulfotransferases: metabolic labeling study and enzymatic analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 62:40–48
Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA (2015) The regulation of steroid action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 36:526–563
Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Hakkola J, Honkakoski P, Hukkanen J, Raunio H (2008) Arch Toxicol 82:667–715
Preissner SC, Hoffmann MF, Preissner R, Dunkel M, Gewiess A, Preissner S (2013) Polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and their role in personalized therapy. PLoS One 8:e82562
Sawant-Basak A, Rodrigues AD, Lech M, Doyonnas R, Kasaian M, Prasad B et al (2018) Physiologically relevant, humanized intestinal systems to study metabolism and transport of small molecule therapeutics. Drug Metab Dispos 46:1581–1587
Sim E, Abuhammad A, Ryan A (2014) Arylamine N-acetyltransferases: from drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics to drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 171:2705–2725
Svensson CK (2009) Biotransformation of drugs in human skin. Drug Metab Dispos 37:247–253
Testa B, Pedretti A, Vistoli G (2012) Reactions and enzymes in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. Drug Discov Today 17:549–560
Wang L, Sun R, Zhang Q, Luo Q, Zeng S, Li X et al (2019) An update on polyphenol disposition via coupled metabolic pathways. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 15:151–165
Zanger UM, Schwab M (2013) Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 138:103–141
Zhang JY, Wang Y, Prakash C (2006) Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in human lung. Curr Drug Metab 7:939–948
Zhou S-F, Liu J-P, Chowbay B (2009) Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact. Drug Metab Rev 41:89–295
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lakshmanan, M. (2019). Drug Metabolism. In: Raj, G., Raveendran, R. (eds) Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9779-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9779-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-32-9778-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-32-9779-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)