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Sex Difference of Gut Microbiota

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Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in the Gastrointestinal Diseases

Abstract

The factors that influence the composition of the gut microbiome are diet, ethnicity, antibiotics, stress, psychological factors, maternal health during pregnancy, the method of birth (i.e., vaginal birth versus cesarean section), environmental factors, and exercise. The effect of sex hormones has recently been emphasized. Estrogen and androgens, the most widely known sex hormones, influence the gut microbiome, which in turn influences the metabolism of estrogen and androgens. As this relationship became understood, the term “microgenderome” was created, but this concept is not yet widely known. When β-glucuronidase in the gut microbiome converts conjugated estrogens to their deconjugated forms, they enter the enterohepatic circulation and act on estrogen receptors (ERs); this applies to non-ovarian estrogen, but not ovarian estrogen, in pre-menopausal women. Stress in pregnant women impairs vaginal immune activity and reduces the number of Lactobacillus, a component of the vaginal flora. While male children are intensely impacted by this reduction in Lactobacillus, which is accompanied by an increase in anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides and Clostridium, this phenomenon is not observed in female children. With age, the number of Enterococci spp. increases with age, that of Bacteroides spp. decreases, and the quantity of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria remains stable. Changes in bacteria by age are diverse, but extensive research on sex/gender differences in these changes has yet to be conducted.

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  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea (Republic of)

    Nayoung Kim

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Kim, N. (2022). Sex Difference of Gut Microbiota. In: Kim, N. (eds) Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in the Gastrointestinal Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0120-1_22

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