Abstract
It has been observed globally that primary groundwater arsenic (As) is derived from modern and ancient magmatic arcs at continental convergent margins of some of the most prominent orogenic systems worldwide (e.g., Andes, Himalaya). It ends up in arc-derived sediments in the adjacent foreland basin through rapid and continuous erosion of exhuming arc sequences, where groundwater could be contaminated through secondary As in the aquifer matrix, mostly allochthonous arc-derived sediments. Apart from the origin and development of magmatic arc, geotectonic control for other primary As sources is also evident in the form of (i) global distribution of geothermal and volcanic centers, where As-enriched hydrothermal and magmatic fluids contaminate surface and groundwater, (ii) ore (especially metal sulfide) deposits through natural leaching that releases As to surrounding environments, which is accelerated by metal mining and processing activities, and (iii) coal deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs, together with the exploitation processes of both these fuel resources, are other geogenic sources of As contamination that is accelerated by the extraction and refining processes and subsequent usage. Whereas the aforementioned solid and liquid phase As inputs to groundwater are attributed to the lithology and geothermal and volcanic fluids, respectively, As speciation can also be associated with the basin's structural settings driven by geotectonics. Basin morphology, prolongation of faults, especially division of the underlying basement into blocks can produce discrete compartmentalized hydrodynamic environments, resulting in spatial variations in hydrochemical composition, including As speciation.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of the original manuscript and its revised versions. Their insightful comments and suggestions helped us tremendously in improving the quality of our work. Efficient editorial handling is much appreciated. Mohammad Ayaz Alam would like to thank the Universidad de Atacama for providing the necessary facilities and support to carry out this work, also Adolfo Muñoz for his help with the two figures. Prosun Bhattacharya gratefully acknowledges the financial support on arsenic research from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) Contributions 75000553, 700 (Bolivia), 75000854 (Bangladesh), and 51170072 (Tanzania).
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Alam, M.A., Mukherjee, A., Bhattacharya, P. (2021). A Critical Evaluation of the Role of Geotectonics in Groundwater Arsenic Contamination. In: Shandilya, A.K., Singh, V.K., Bhatt, S.C., Dubey, C.S. (eds) Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth. Springer Natural Hazards. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4122-0_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4122-0_14
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