Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders consisting importantly of coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Severe cardiovascular disease conditions lead to acute myocardial infarction and stroke. One of the reasons for this is formation of blood clots inside the vessel. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are used for managing cardiovascular diseases for a long time. However, they were unable to dissolve an existing thrombus. Fibrinolytic enzymes have become more substantial for treating cardiovascular diseases since they could lyse the fibrin clot within the blood vessel. Inability of plasma fibrinolytic system demands better thrombolytic drugs. Major thrombolytic enzymes belonging to plasminogen activators and plasmin like enzymes. Currently used fibrinolytic enzymes and their limitations are revisited in the present chapter. Reported enzymes from various sources with potential to be used as cardiovascular therapeutic is also discussed here.
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Abbreviations
- °C:
-
Degree celsius
- ADP:
-
Adenosine diphosphate
- AIS:
-
Acute ischemic stroke
- Ala:
-
Alanine
- AMI:
-
Acute myocardial infarction
- APAN:
-
p-amidinophenyl p-anisate hydrochloride
- APSAC:
-
Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex
- Arg:
-
Arginine
- Asn:
-
Asparagine
- Asp:
-
Aspartic acid
- ASSENT:
-
Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic agent
- AT:
-
Antithrombin III
- BK:
-
Bacillokinase
- bpDJ-2:
-
Bacillopeptidase DJ-2
- CCU:
-
Coronary care units
- CDP:
-
Codium diaricatum protease
- CHO:
-
Chinese Hasmster Ovary
- CIP:
-
Codium intricatum protease
- CLP:
-
Codium latum protease
- COMPASS:
-
Comparative Trial of Saruplase Versus Streptokinase
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- Cys:
-
Cysteine
- DIAS:
-
Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribo nucleic acid
- DSPAS:
-
Desmodus salivary plasminogen activators
- ECLT:
-
Euglobulin clot lysis time
- EDTA:
-
Eethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EFE:
-
Eisenia fetida enzymes
- EGF:
-
Epidermal growth factor
- ESPRIT:
-
European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FFP:
-
Fomitella fraxinea proteases
- GISSI:
-
Gruppo Italiano per la Sperimentazione della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico
- Gln:
-
Glutamine
- Glu:
-
Glutamic acid
- Gly:
-
Glycine
- GP IIb-IIIa:
-
Glycoproteins (IIb-IIIa)
- GUSTO:
-
Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries
- His:
-
Histidine
- HIT:
-
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
- Ile:
-
Isoleucine
- InTIME-II:
-
Intravenous NPA for the treatment of infarcting myocardium early
- ISIS:
-
International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group
- kDa:
-
Kilo daltons
- Leu:
-
Leucine
- LK:
-
Lumbrokinase
- LMWHs:
-
Low molecular weight heparins
- Lys:
-
Lysine
- Met:
-
Methionine
- MI:
-
Myocardial infarction
- NK:
-
Nattokinase
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- n-PA:
-
Novel plasminogen activator
- P2Y:
-
Puronogenic ADP receptors
- PAGE:
-
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PAIs:
-
Plasminogen activator inhibitors
- PAs:
-
Plasminogen activators
- PATT:
-
Partial thromboplastin time
- PERSIST:
-
PERsistence Study of Ibandronate verSus alendronaTe
- pH:
-
Hydrogen ion
- PH2:
-
Prostaglnadin H2
- Phe:
-
Phenylalanine
- Pro:
-
Proline
- PROCAT:
-
Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism
- Pro-UK:
-
Pro-urokinase
- r-PA:
-
Recombinant plasminogen activator
- r-proUK:
-
Recombinant prourokinase
- r-SAK:
-
Recombinant staphylokinase
- rSK:
-
Recombinant streptokinase
- rt-PA:
-
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
- SAK:
-
Staphylokinase
- Scu-PA:
-
Single chain urokinase plasminogen activator
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulphate
- Ser:
-
Serine
- SERPINS:
-
Serine protease inhibitors
- SESAM:
-
Study in Europe with Saruplase and Alteplase in Myocardial Infarction
- SK:
-
Streptokinase
- SP:
-
Serrapeptase
- TAFI:
-
Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
- Thr:
-
Threonine
- TIMI:
-
Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction
- TNK:
-
Tenecteplase
- t-PA:
-
Tissue-type plasminogen activator
- Trp:
-
Tryptophan
- TxA2:
-
Thromboxane A2
- Tyr:
-
Tyrosine
- u-PA:
-
Urokinase plasminogen activator
- USA:
-
United States of America
- USFDA:
-
United States Food and Drug Administration
- Val:
-
Valine
- vWF:
-
vonWillebrand factor
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- wt-SAK:
-
Wild type staphylokinase
- α1-PI:
-
α1-Antitrypsin
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Kumar, S.S., Sabu, A. (2019). Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. In: Labrou, N. (eds) Therapeutic Enzymes: Function and Clinical Implications. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1148. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15
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