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Investigation of Biomass Gasifier Product Gas Composition and its Characterization

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Coal and Biomass Gasification

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Over the years, gasification technology has been established as one of the efficient thermochemical conversion processes catering to a wide variety of applications like thermal, power generation and liquid fuel production through Fischer–Tropsch route. However, there are issues with the conversion devices when the biomass feed material changes and hence understanding of product gas behaviour and its variability is important in order to utilize the biomass gasification technology effectively in the long run. The current chapter addresses these issues relating to biomass characterization, product gas estimation and utilization, and advances in this technology. Furthermore, an example of an equilibrium model formulation for prediction of product gas generated from rice husk has been presented, and a brief about reaction kinetics has been discussed. A comparison of model result and experimental data has also been briefly presented. The recent trends in biomass gasification research show a promising future for this technology. Moreover, techno-economic evaluations prove that biomass gasification is not only technically viable but also a sound economic option. It is expected that biomass gasification will contribute more to the global energy requirements and thus to the economy in the coming future.

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Abbreviations

V g :

Gas production rate (m3/s)

q g :

Net calorific value of gas (kJ/m3)

m b :

Rate of consumption of feedstock (kg/s)

q b :

Lower heating value of the feedstock (kJ/kg)

H sens :

Sensible heat in the gas (kW) given as, H sens  = C p V g (T g – T a )

C p :

Specific heat of gas (kJ/m3°C)

T g :

Gas temperature (°C)

T a :

Ambient temperature (°C)

C :

Mass fraction of carbon

H :

Mass fraction of hydrogen

O :

Mass fraction of oxygen

N :

Mass fraction of nitrogen

S :

Mass fraction of sulphur

M C :

Molecular weight of carbon = 12.00 gm/mol

M H :

Molecular weight of hydrogen = 1.10 gm/mol

M O :

Molecular weight of oxygen = 16.00 gm/mol

M N :

Molecular weight of nitrogen = 14.01 gm/mol

M S :

Molecular weight of sulphur = 32.07 gm/mol

m :

Amount of oxygen per kmol of wood in the gasification reaction

x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4 and x 5 :

Coefficients of constituents of the product species of gasification reaction

M bm :

Molecular weight of biomass

Φ:

Relative moisture content of biomass

\( M_{{H_{2} O}} \) :

Molecular weight of water

w :

H 2 O molar fraction in biomass

\( H_{{f\;{\text{wood}}}}^{0} \) :

Heat of formation of wood

\( H_{{f\;H_{2} O(l)}}^{0} \) :

Heat of formation of liquid H 2 O

\( H_{vap} \) :

Heat of formation of vaporized H 2 O

\( H_{{f\;H_{2} O(vap)}}^{0} \) :

Heat of formation of water vapour

\( H_{f\;CO}^{0} \) :

Heat of formation of carbon monoxide

\( H_{{f\;CO_{2} }}^{0} \) :

Heat of formation of carbon dioxide

\( H_{{f\;CH_{4} }}^{0} \) :

Heat of formation of methane

\( \Delta T \) :

\( T_{2} - T_{1} \)

\( T_{1} \) :

Ambient temperature at the reduction zone

\( T_{2} \) :

Gasification temperature at the reduction zone

\( C_{{pH_{2} }} \) :

Specific heat of hydrogen

\( C_{pCO} \) :

Specific heat of carbon monoxide

\( C_{{pCO_{2} }} \) :

Specific heat of carbon dioxide

\( C_{{pH_{2} O}} \) :

Specific heat of water vapour

\( C_{{pCH_{4} }} \) :

Specific heat of methane

\( C_{{pN_{2} }} \) :

Specific heat of nitrogen

X :

Non-dimensional mass of sample undergoing reaction

t :

Time (s)

A :

Pre-exponential or frequency factor (s−1)

E :

Activation energy of the decomposition reaction (kJ mol−1)

R :

Universal gas constant (kJ mol−1 K−1)

T :

Absolute temperature (K)

n :

Order of reaction

\( m_{t} \) :

Weight of sample at time ‘t’ (gm)

\( m_{o} \) :

Initial weight of sample (gm)

\( m_{f} \) :

Final weight of sample remaining at the end of the reaction (gm)

h :

Enthalpy (J/kg)

\( h_{g} \) :

Enthalpy of gas (J/kg)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W/mK)

\( \mathop {m_{g} }\limits^{.} \) :

Mass flux of gas (kg m−2s−1)

\( Q_{i} \) :

Heat of combustion (J/kg)

x :

Spatial variables (m)

\( \rho \) :

Density (kg/m3)

\( T_{o} \) :

Initial temperature (°C)

\( \rho_{0} \) :

Initial density (kg/m3)

\( T_{\infty } \) :

Environmental temperature (°C)

\( T_{r} \) :

Radiation source temperature (°C)

\( \bar{h} \) :

Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2°C)

\( \varepsilon_{r} \) :

Radiation source emissivity

\( \varepsilon_{m} \) :

Emissivity of the material

\( \alpha_{m} \) :

Absorptive of the material

\( \sigma \) :

Stefan–Boltzmann constant (5.78 × 10−8 W/m2-K4)

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Acknowledgements

The work reported here is a part of a research project (project no. ECR/2016/001830) funded by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India. The financial support provided by the SERB for the project is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India

    Pankaj Kalita & Debarshi Baruah

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  1. Pankaj Kalita
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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Santanu De

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    V. S. Moholkar

  4. Bio-Fuels Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Bhaskar Thallada

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Kalita, P., Baruah, D. (2018). Investigation of Biomass Gasifier Product Gas Composition and its Characterization. In: De, S., Agarwal, A., Moholkar, V., Thallada, B. (eds) Coal and Biomass Gasification. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7335-9_5

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