Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cereal grain carbohydrates

  • Chapter
Cereal Grain Quality

Abstract

Carbohydrates are quantitatively the major components of cereal grains (Table 9.1). They comprise the high molecular weight reserve polysaccharides found in the starch granules and the structural polysaccharides in the walls of cells of various parts of the grain. Together these polysaccharides may account for ~85% by weight of the whole grain. In addition there are up to ~3% of low molecular weight carbohydrates, amongst which sucrose is the predominant compound.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aastrup, S. (1979) The relationship between the viscosity of an acid flour extract of barley and its ß-glucan content. Carlsberg Research Communications, 44, 289–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrewartha, K.A., Phillips, D.R. and Stone, B.A. (1979) Solution properties of wheat arabinoxylans and enzymically modified arabinoxylans. Carbohydrate Research., 77, 191–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asp, N.G., Bjørck, I. and Nyman, M. (1993) Physiological effects of cereal dietary fibre. Carbohydrate Polymers, 21, 183–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacic, A. (1979) Biochemical and ultrastructural studies on endosperm cell walls. Ph.D. Thesis, La Trobe University, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacic, A. and Stone, B.A. (1980) A (l→3)- and (l→4)-linked ß-D-glucan in the endosperm cell walls of wheat. Carbohydrate Research, 82, 372–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back, A. and Stone, B.A. (1981) Chemistry and organisation of aleurone cell wall components from wheat and barley. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 8, 475–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Back, A., Harris, P.J. and Stone, B.A. (1988) Structure and function of plant cell walls, in The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 14 (ed. J. Preiss), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 297–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beresford, G. and Stone, B.A. (1983) (1→3,l→4)-ß-D-Glucan content of Triticum grains. Journal of Cereal Science, 1, 111–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C.P., D’Applonia, B.L. and Gilles, K.A. (1971) The characterization of triticale starch and its comparison with starches of rye, durum and HRS wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 48, 415–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanshard, J.M.V., Frazier, P.J. and Galliard, T. (1986) Chemistry and Physics of Baking Materials, Processes and Products. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D.E. (1978) Grain quality and germination, in Barley, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 174–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpita, N. and Gibeaut, D.M. (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls of flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. The Plant Journal, 3, 1–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B-Q., Trimble, R.J., Illman, R.J., Stone, B.A. and Topping, D.L. (1987) Comparative effects of dietary wheat bran and its morphological components (aleurone and pericarp-seed coat) on volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition, 57, 69–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chesson, A., Gordon, A.H. and Scobbie, L. (1995) Pectic polysaccharides of mesophyll cell walls of perennial ryegrass leaves. Phytochemistry, 38, 579–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove, D.J. (1980) Studies in organic chemistry. Vol. 4, Inositol Phosphates, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove, D.J. (1989) Phytates in cereals and legumes. CRC: Press Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doane, W.M. (1994) Opportunities and challenges for new industrial uses of starch. Cereal Poods World, 39, 556–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffus, C.M. (1987) Physiological aspects of enzymes during grain development and germination, in Enzymes and their Role in Cereal Technology (eds J. E. Kruger, D. Lineback and C.E. Stauffer), American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St. Paul MN, USA, pp. 83–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuPont, M.S. and Selvendran, R.R. (1987) Hemicellulosic polymers from the cell walls of beeswing wheat bran. Part I. Polymers solubilized by alkali at 2°.Carbohydrate Research, 163, 99–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evers, A.D. and Bechtel, D.B. (1988) Microscopic structure of the wheat grain, in Wheat Chemistry and Technology (ed. Y. Pomeranz), 3rd edn, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, Minnesota, pp. 47–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fannon, J.E., Hawker, R.J. and BeMiller, J.N. (1992) Surface pores in starch granules. Cereal Chemistry, 69, 284–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fannon, J.E., Shull, J.M. and BeMiller, J.N. (1993) Interior channels of starch granules. Cereal Chemistry, 70, 611–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, G.B. (1975) Morphology and chemical composition of barley endosperm cell walls. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 81, 116–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, G.B. (1976) Ferulic acid in barley cell walls: a fluorescence study. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 82, 347–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, G.B. and Stone, B.A. (1986) Cell walls and their components in cereal technology. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, 8, 207–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, G.B. and Stone, B.A. (1993) Physiology and biochemistry of germination in barley in Barley — Chemistry and Technology (eds A.W. MacGregor and R.S. Bhatty), American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 247–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, G.B., Sawyer, W.H. and Stone, B.A. (1974) Chemical and physical properties of an arabinogalactan-peptide from wheat endosperm. Biochemical Journal, 139, 535–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, G.B., Stone, B.A. and Clarke, A.E. (1983) Arabinogalactan-proteins: structure, biosynthesis and function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 34, 47–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French, A.D. (1989) Chemical and physical properties of fructans. Plant Physiology, 134, 125–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, S.C. (1989) Structure and function of xyloglucans. Journal of Experimental Botany, 40, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulcher, R.G. (1986) Morphological and chemical organization of the oat kernel, in Oats: Chemistry and Technology (ed. F.H. Webster), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, Minnesota, pp. 47–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulcher, R.G., Faubion, J.M., Ruan, R. and Miller, S.S. (1994) Quantitative microscopy in carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate Polymers, 25, 285–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galliard, T. (1987) Starch, Properties and Potential, John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gidley, M.J. (1992) Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of cereal carbohydrates, in Developments in Carbohydrate Chemistry (eds R.J. Alexander and H.F. Zobel), American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St. Paul Minnesota, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilbot, A. and Mercier, C. (1984) Starch, in The Polysaccharides (ed. G.O. Aspinall), Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, T. (1989) Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 40, 139–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, R.J. (1988) The carbohydrates of barley grains — A review. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, London, 94, 71–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, Y. and Watson, S.A. (1967) in Starch: Chemistry and Technology, Vol. II Industrial Aspects (eds R.L. Whistler and E.F. Paschall), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hizukuri, S. (1986) Polymodal distribution of chain lengths of amylopectins and its significance. Carbohydrate Research, 147, 342–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoseney, R.C. (1984) Functional properties of pentosans in baked foods. Food Technology, 38, 114–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iiyama, K., Lam, T.B.T. and Stone, B.A. (1993) Cell wall biosynthesis and its regulation, in Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility (eds H.G. Jung, D.R. Buxton, R.D. Hatfield and J. Ralph), American Society of Agronomy, pp. 621–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iiyama, K., Lam, T.B.T. and Stone, B.A. (1994) Covalent crosslinks in the cell wall. Plant Physiology, 104, 315–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, M.C. (1984) Structure and properties of pectin gels in plant cell walls. Plant, Cell and Environment, 7, 153–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, T.M.S., Taylor, R.H. et al. (1981) Glycaemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34, 362–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juliano, B.O. (1985) Rice: Chemistry and Technology, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karim, A. and Rooney, L.W. (1972) Pentosans in sorghum grain. Journal of Food Science, 37, 365–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klassen, A.J. and Hill, R.D. (1971) Comparison of starch from triticale and its parental species. Cereal Chemistry, 48, 647–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, T.B.T., Iiyama, K. and Stone, B.A. (1990) Primary and secondary walls of grasses and other forage plants: Taxonomic and structural considerations, in Microbial and Plant Opportunities to Improve Lignocellulose Utilization by Ruminants (eds D.E. Akin, L.G. Ljungdahl, J.R. Wilson and P.J. Harris), Elsevier, New York, pp. 43–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasztity, R. and Lasztity, L. (1988) Phytic acid in cereal technology. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, 10, 309–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lineback, D.R. and Rasper, V.F. (1988) Wheat carbohydrates, in Wheat Chemistry and Technology (ed. Y. Pomeranz), Vol. 1, American Association of Cereal Chemists, MN, USA, pp. 277–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomako, J., Lomako, W.M., Kirkman, B.R. and Whelan, W.J. (1994) The role of phosphate in muscle glycogen. Biofactors, 4, 167–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, L.A. and D’Appolonia, B.L. (1979) Composition of oat and wheat carbohydrates II. Starch. Cereal Chemistry, 56, 458–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur-Grant, L. (1986) Sugars and non-starchy polysaccharides in oats, in Oats: Chemistry and Technology (ed. F.M. Webster), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, USA, pp. 75–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, M.C. and Roberts, K. (1991) Architecture of the primary cell wall, in The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form (ed. C. W. Lloyd), Academic Press, London, pp. 109–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, A. W. and Fincher, G.B. (1993) Carbohydrates of the barley grain, in Barley — Chemistry and Technology (eds A.W. MacGregor and R.S. Bhatty), American Association of Cereal Chemists, MN, USA, pp. 73–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, A.W., Macri, L.J., Schroeder, S.W. and Bazin, S.L. (1994) Purification and characterisation of limit dextrinase inhibitors from barley. Journal of Cereal Science, 20, 33–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, A.M. and Preece, I.A. (1954) Studies on free sugars of the barley grain. V. Comparison of sugars and fructosans with those of other cereals. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, London, 60, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, M.A. and Stone, B.A. (1981) Isolation, characterization and chemical synthesis of a galactosyl-hydroxyproline linkage compound from wheat endosperm arabinogalactan-peptide. Lebensmittel-wissenschaft und Technologic 14, 182–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manners, D.J. (1989) Recent developments in our understanding of a mylopectin structure. Carbohydrate Polymers, 11, 87–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchessault, R.H. and Sudararajan, P.R. (1983) Cellulose, in The Polysaccharides (ed G.O. Aspinall), Academic Press, New York, Vol.2, pp. 11–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mares, D. and Stone, B.A. (1973) Studies on wheat endosperm. I. Chemical composition and ultrastructure of the cell walls. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 26, 793–812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J.B., Gibson, N. and Kodicek, E. (1973) The chemical nature of bound nicotinic acid of wheat bran — studies of nicotinic acid-containing macro-molecules. British Journal of Nutrition, 30, 297–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meeuse, B.J.D., Andries, M. and Wood, J.A. (1960) Floridean starch. Journal of Experimental Botany, 11, 129–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morall, P. and Briggs, D.E. (1978) Changes in cell wall polysaccharides of germinating barley grains. Phytochemistry, 17, 1495–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, V.J. (1990) Starch gelation and retrogradation. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 1, 2–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murty, D.S., Singh, V., Suryaprakash, S. and Nicodemus, K.O. (1985) Soluble sugars in five endosperm types of sorghum. Cereal Chemistry, 62, 150–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neukom, H. and Markwalder, H.U. (1978) Oxidative gelation of wheat flour pentosans: A new way of crosslinking polymers. Cereal Foods World, 23, 374–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, T.P. and McCully, M. (1981) The Study of Plant Structure: Principles and Selected Methods, Termarcarphi, Melbourne, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual, C.G. and Juliano, B.O. (1983) Properties of cell wall preparations of milled rice. Phytochemistry, 22, 151–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlin, A.S. (1951) Structure of the soluble pentosans of wheat flour. Cereal Chemistry, 28, 382–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomeranz, Y. (1988) Chemical composition of kernel structures, in Wheat: Chemistry and Technology (ed. Y. Pomeranz), 3rd edn, Vol. I, Ch. 4, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, J., Quideau, S., Grabber, J.H. and Hatfield, R.D. (1994) Identification and synthesis of new ferulic acid dehydrodimers present in grass cell walls. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, 1, 3485–3498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, D.A. (1975) Stereochemistry and binding behaviour of carbohydrate chains, in Biochemistry of Carbohydrates (ed. W.J. Whelan), MTP International Reviews of Science, Biochemistry Series, Butterworths, London, Vol. 5, pp. 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, D.A. (1979) Polysaccharides: conformation and properties in solution, in Comprehensive Organic Chemistry (ed. E. Haslam) Vol. 5, Biological Compounds, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 817–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, D.R. (1993) Structural analysis of wheat endosperm cell walls. PhD Thesis, La Trobe University, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, M. (1991) Seed storage proteins: the enzyme inhibitors, in Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Vol. 5 (ed. L.J. Rogers), Academic Press, London, pp. 259–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ring, S.G. and Selvendran, R.R. (1980) Isolation and analysis of cell wall material from beeswing wheat bran (Triticum aestivum). Phytochemistry, 19, 1723–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouau, X., El-Hayek, M-L. and Moreau, D. (1994) Effect of an enzyme preparation containing pentosanases on the bread-making quality of flours in relation to changes in pentosan properties. Journal of Cereal Science, 19, 259–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sendra, J.M., Carbonell, J.V., Gosalbes, M.J. and Todo, V. (1989) Determination of glucan in wort and beer by its binding with Calcofluor using a fluorimetric flow-injection analysis (FAI) method. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 95, 327–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serna-Saldivar, S.O., Gomez, M.H. and Rooney, L.W. (1990) Technology, chemistry and nutritional value of alkaline-cooked corn products. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, 10, 243–307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, N. and Nakane, R. (1984) Pectic polysaccharides of rice endosperm cell walls. Phytochemistry, 23, 1425–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, N., Nakane, R., Yasui, A., Tanaka, K. and Iwasaki, T. (1985) Comparative studies on cell wall preparations from rice bran, germ and endosperm. Cereal Chemistry, 62, 252–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silano, V. (1987) α-Amylase inhibitors, in Enzymes and their Role in Cereal Technology (eds J.E. Kruger, D. Lineback and C.E. Stauffer) American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, USA, pp. 141–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, B.A. and Clarke, A.E. (1993) The Chemistry and Biology of (1→3)-ß-Glucans, La Trobe University Press, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, B.A., Evans, N.A., Bönig, I. and Clarke, A.E. (1984) The application of Sirofluor, a chemically defined fluorochrome from aniline blue for the histochemical detection of callose. Protoplasma, 122, 191–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strahm, A., Amado, R. and Neukom, H. (1981) Hydroxyproline-galactoside as a protein-polysaccharide linkage in a water soluble arabinogalactan-peptide from wheat endosperm. Phytochemistry, 20, 1061–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Victor, R.J., Angelino, S.A.G.F. and Voragen, A.G. (1993) Structural features of arabinoxylans from barley and malt cell wall material. Journal of Cereal Science, 15, 213–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, J.S. and Blesin, C.W. (1970) in Sorghum Production and Utilization (eds J.S. Wall and W.M. Ross) Avi Publishing Co. Inc., Westpoint, Connecticut, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerlund, E., Theander, O. and Aman, P. (1989) Effects of baking on protein and aqueous ethanol extractable carbohydrate in white bread fractions. Journal of Cereal Science, 10, 139–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whistler, R.L., BeMiller, J.N. and Paschall, E.F. (eds) (1984) Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd edn, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, J.R. (1983) Protease and amylase inhibitors in biological material, in Xenobiotics in Foods and Feeds (eds J.W. Finley and D.E. Schwass), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 15–46.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Winterburn, P.J. (1974) Polysaccharide structure and function, in Companion to Biochemistry (eds A.T. Bull, J.R. Lagnado, J.O. Thomas and K.F. Tipton), Longmans London, pp. 307–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P.J. (1986) Oat ß-glucan: Structure, location and properties in Oats — Chemistry and Technology (ed F.H. Webster), American Association of Cereal Chemists, MN, USA, pp. 121–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P.J., Siddiqui, I.R. and Paton, D. (1978) Extraction of high viscosity gums from oats. Cereal Chemistry, 55, 1038–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P.J., Weisz, J. and Blackwell, B.A. (1994) Structural studies of (l→3, 1→4)-ß-D-glucans by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by rapid analysis of cellulose-like regions using high performance anion-exchange chromatography of oligosaccharides released by lichenase. Cereal Chemistry, 71, 301–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurzburg, O.B. (1986) Forty years of industrial starch research. Cereal Foods World, 31, 897–903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamorski, R. and Shibuya, N. (1990) Genetic background of glucomannan expression in rice endosperm cell wall. International Workshop on Frontiers in Plant and Microbial Glycans, Kyoto, Japan, Abstracts p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. B. A. Stone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, 2480, Lismore, NSW, Australia

    R. J. Henry

  2. Crop and Environment Research Centre, Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK

    P. S. Kettlewell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stone, B.A. (1996). Cereal grain carbohydrates. In: Henry, R.J., Kettlewell, P.S. (eds) Cereal Grain Quality. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1513-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1513-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7177-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1513-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation