Abstract
Search for new enzymes endowed with novel activities and enhanced stability continues to be a desirable pursuit in enzyme research. This is fuelled by industrial requirements and necessity of enzymatic interventions therein. Halophiles, a class of extremophiles inhabiting high salt conditions, are excellent source of enzymes possessing inherent ability to function in extreme conditions viz. high salt, alkaline pH and non-aqueous medium. Their biotechnological applications have been quite promising in food processing, industrial bioconversions and bioremediations. The chapter describes some of the novel halophilic enzymes and their potential usages in facilitating catalysis under harsh operational conditions. Effect of salt on their activity and stability; current level of understanding about structure-function relationship and molecular haloadaptations have also been encompassed in the chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
A.V. Akolkar, G.M. Deshpande, K.N. Raval, D. Durai, A.S. Nerurkar, A.J. Desai, J. Basic Microbiol. 48, 421–425 (2008)
A.V. Akolkar, D. Durai, A.J. Desai, J. Appl. Microbiol. 109, 44–53 (2010)
M.A. Amoozegar, F. Malekzadeh, K.A. Malik, J. Microbiol. Methods 52, 353–359 (2003)
M.A. Amoozegar, A.Z. Fatemi, H.R. Karbalaei-Heidari, M.R. Razavi, Microbiol. Res. 162, 369–377 (2007)
M.A. Amoozegar, E. Salehghamari, K. Khajeh, M. Kabiri, S. Naddaf, J. Basic Microbiol. 48, 160–167 (2008)
K.R.T. Asha, D.A.J. Vinitha, S.G. Kiran, W.A. Manjusha, N. Sukumaran, J. Selvin, Int. J. Microbiol. 1(2), (2005)
H. Baati, R. Amdouni, N. Gharsallah, A. Sghir, E. Ammar, Curr. Microbiol. 60, 157–161 (2010)
H. Banciu, D.Y. Sorokin, E.A. Galinski, G. Muyzer, R. Kleerebezem, J.G. Kuenen, Extremophiles 8, 325–334 (2004)
A. Bolhuis, D. Kwan, J.R. Thomas, in Protein Adaptation in Extremophiles, ed. by K.S. Siddiqui, T. Thomas (Nova Science Publishers, Inc, New York, 2008), pp. 71–104
S. Boutaiba, T. Bhatnagar, H. Hacene, D.A. Mitchell, J.C. Baratti, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzyme 41, 21–26 (2006)
A.D. Brown, Bacteriol. Rev. 40, 803–846 (1976)
R.M. Camacho, J.C. Mateos, O. González-Reynoso, L.A. Prado, J. Córdova, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36, 901–909 (2009)
T.M. Caton, I.R. Caton, L.R. Witte, M.A. Schneegurt, Microb. Ecol. 58, 519–528 (2009)
S. Chakraborty, A. Khopade, R. Biao, W. Jian, X.-Y. Liu, K. Mahadik, B. Chopade, L. Zhang, C. Kokare, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzyme 68, 52–58 (2011)
M. Coronado, C. Vargas, J. Hofemeister, A. Ventosa, J.J. Nieto, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 183, 67–71 (2000)
M.S. Da Costa, H. Santos, E.A. Galinski, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 61, 117–153 (1998)
M.J. Danson, D.W. Hough, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 117A, 307–312 (1997)
S.R. Dave, H.B. Desai, Curr. Sci. 90, 497–499 (2006)
R.E. De Castro, J.A. Maupin-Furlow, M.I. Gimenez, M.K. Herrera Seitz, J.J. Sanchez, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 30, 17–35 (2006)
R.E. De Castro, D.M. Ruiz, M.I. Giménez, R.A. Paggi, M.X. Silveyra, J.A. Maupin-Furlow, Extremophiles 12, 677–687 (2008)
P.P. Dennis, L.C. Shimmin, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61, 90–104 (1997)
E.N. Detkova, Y.V. Boltyanskaya, Microbiology 76, 511–522 (2007)
C.E. Deutch, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 35, 78–84 (2002)
M.S. Dodia, R.H. Joshi, R.K. Patel, S.P. Singh, Braz. J. Microbiol. 37, 244–252 (2006)
M.S. Dodia, C.M. Rawal, H.G. Bhimani, R.H. Joshi, S.K. Khare, S.P. Singh, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35, 121–131 (2008)
N.V. Doronina, T. Darmaeva, Y. Trotsenko, J. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26, 382–389 (2003a)
N.V. Doronina, T.D. Darmaeva, Y.A. Trotsenko, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 223–229 (2003b)
A.W. Duckworth, W.D. Grant, B.E. Jones, D. Meijer, M.C. Marquez, A. Ventosa, Extremophiles 4, 53–60 (2000)
U. Eichhorn, K. Beck-Piotraschke, H. Schaf, H.D. Jakubke, J. Pept. Sci. 3, 261–266 (1997)
J. Eichler, Biotechnol. Adv. 19, 261–278 (2001)
H. Eisenberg, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 318, 1–5 (1995)
H. Fan, Y. Xue, Y. Ma, A. Ventosa, W.D. Grant, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1213–1216 (2004)
Y. Fang, Z. Lu, F. Lv, X. Bie, S. Liu, Z. Ding, W. Xu, Curr. Microbiol. 53, 510–515 (2006)
M. Foti, S. Ma, D.Y. Sorokin, J.L. Rademaker, J.G. Kuenen, G. Muyzer, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 56, 95–101 (2006)
D. Fritze, B. haloalkalophilus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 98–101 (1996)
S. Fukuchi, K. Yoshimune, M. Wakayama, M. Moriguchi, K. Nishikawa, J. Mol. Biol. 327, 347–357 (2003)
T. Fukushima, T. Mizuki, A. Echigo, A. Inoue, R. Usami, Extremophiles 9, 85–89 (2005)
E.A. Galinski, H.G. Trüper, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 13, 357–360 (1982)
E.A. Galinski, H.P. Pfeiffer, H.G. Trüper, Eur. J. Biochem. 149, 135–139 (1985)
Y. Ghasemi, S. Rasoul-Amini, A. Ebrahiminezhad, G. Zarrini, A. Kazemi, S. Mousavi-Khorshidi, M.B. Ghoshoon, M.J. Raee, Res. J. Microbiol. 5, 144–149 (2010)
I. Gill, R.L. Fandińo, X. Jorba, E.N. Vulfson, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18, 162–183 (1996)
P.V. Giridhar, T.S. Chandra, Process Biochem. 45, 1730–1737 (2010)
K. Göller, E.A. Galinski, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzyme 7, 37–45 (1999)
J. Gomes, W. Steiner, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 42, 223–235 (2004)
W.A. Good, P.A. Hartman, J. Bacteriol. 104, 601–603 (1970)
M.I. Giménez, C.A. Studdert, J.J. Sánchez, R.E. De Castro, Extremophiles 4, 181–188 (2000)
A. Gupta, I. Roy, R.K. Patel, S.P. Singh, S.K. Khare, M.N. Gupta, J. Chrom. A. 1075, 103–108 (2005)
M. Guzmán, V. Vargas, H. Antezana, M. Svoboda, Rev. Boliv. QuÃm. 25, 14–23 (2008)
A. Haddar, R. Agrebi, A. Bougatef, N. Hmidet, A. Sellami-Kamoun, M. Nasri, Biores. Technol. 100, 3366–3373 (2009)
A. Haddar, A. Sellami-Kamoun, N. Fakhfakh-Zouari, N. Hmidet, M. Nasri, Biochem. Eng. J. 51, 53–63 (2010)
A. Hedi, N. Sadfi, M.L. Fardeau, H. Rebib, J.L. Cayol, B. Ollivier, A. Boudabous, Int. J. Microbiol. 2009, 731–786 (2009)
M.L. Holmes, R.K. Scopes, R.L. Moritz, R.J. Simpson, C. Englert, F. Pfeifer, M.L. Dyall-Smith, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1337, 276–286 (1997)
R.B. Hoover, E.V. Pikuta, A.K. Bej, D. Marsic, W.B. Whitman, J. Tang, P. Krader, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 815–821 (2003)
D.W. Hough, M.J. Danson, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3, 39–46 (1999)
L.S. Izotova, A.Y. Strongin, L.N. Chekulaeva, V.E. Sterkin, V.I. Ostoslavskaya, L.A. Lyublinskaya, E.A. Timokhina, V.M. Stepanov, J. Bacteriol. 155, 826–830 (1983)
H.D. Jakubke, P. Kuhl, A. Könnecke, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 24, 85–93 (1985)
S.B. Jodi, B. Burns, J. Buzzelli, F.S. John, R.S. Oremland, Arch. Microbiol. 17, 119–130 (1998)
A. Jönsson, P. Adlercreutz, B. Mattiasson, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzyme 2, 43–51 (1996)
A.A. Joshi, P.P. Kanekar, A.S. Kelkar, S.S. Sarnaik, Y. Shouche, A. Wani, J. Basic Microbiol. 47, 213–221 (2007)
A.A. Joshi, P.P. Kanekar, A.S. Kelkar, S.S. Sarnaik, Y. Shouche, A. Vani, B.B. Suchitra, S.S. Seema, Microb. Ecol. 55, 163–172 (2008a)
R.H. Joshi, M.S. Dodia, S.P. Singh, Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 13, 552–559 (2008b)
M. Kamekura, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 39, 145–150 (1986)
M. Kamekura, Extremophiles 2, 289–295 (1998)
M. Kamekura, H. Onishi, J. Bacteriol. 119, 339–344 (1974)
M. Kamekura, Y. Seno, M.L. Holmes, M.L. Dyall-Smith, J. Bacteriol. 174, 736–742 (1992)
H. Kanai, T. Kobayashi, R. Aono, T. Kudo, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45, 762–766 (1995)
W. Kanlayakrit, P. Bovornreungroj, Nat. Sci. 39, 88–97 (2005)
W. Kanlayakrit, A. Boonpan, Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41, 576–585 (2007)
R. Karan, S.K. Khare, Environ. Technol. 31, 1061–1072 (2010)
R. Karan, S.P. Singh, S. Kapoor, S.K.Khare N. Biotechnol. 28, 136–45 (2011)
R. Karan, R.K.M. Singh, S. Kapoor, S.K. Khare, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21, 129–135 (2011)
H.R. Karbalaei-Heidari, A.A. Ziaee, M.A. Amoozegar, Extremophiles 11, 237–243 (2007)
P.L. Kastritis, N.C. Papandreou, S.J. Hamodrakas, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 41, 447–453 (2007)
J.M. Khire, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19, 210–212 (1994)
J. Kim, J.S. Dordick, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 55, 471–479 (1997)
J. Kim, S. Kang, J. Woo, J. Lee, B. Jeong, S. Kim, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74, 820–828 (2007)
K.K. Kiran, T.S. Chandra, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 77, 1023–1031 (2008)
A.M. Klibanov, Chemtech 16, 354–359 (1986)
T. Kobayashi, M. Kamekura, W. Kanlayakrit, H. Onishi, Microbios 46, 165–177 (1986)
T. Kobayashi, H. Kanai, T. Hayashi, T. Akiba, R. Akaboshi, K. Horikoshi, J. Bacteriol. 174, 3439–3444 (1992)
H.J. Kunte, Environ. Chem. 3, 94–99 (2006)
D.J. Kushner, in The Biology of Halophilic Bacteria, ed. by R.H. Vreeland, L.I. Hochstein (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993), pp. 87–103
Y.T. Kwon, J.O. Kim, S.Y. Moon, Y.D. Yoo, H.M. Rho, Gene 152, 59–63 (1995)
J.K. Lanyi, Bacteriol. Rev. 38, 272–290 (1974)
H. Larsen, Halophilism, in The Biology of Halophilic Bacteria, ed. by R.H. Vreeland, L.I. Hochstein (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1962), p. 87
G. Lentzen, T. Schwarz, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72, 623–634 (2006)
J. Lu, Y. Nogi, H. Takami, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 205, 291–297 (2001)
X. Lv, L. Guo, L. Song, Q. Fu, K. Zhao, A. Li, X. Luo, W. Lu, Ann. Microbiol. (2010). doi:10.1007/s13213-010-0135-z
D. Madern, C. Ebel, G. Zaccai, Extremophiles 4, 91–98 (2000)
O. Maltseva, C. McGowan, R. Fulthorpe, P. Oriel, Microbiology 142, 1115–1122 (1996)
M. Manikandan, L. Pašić, V. Kannan, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 2247–2256 (2009)
F.C. Marhuenda-Egea, M.J. Bonete, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13, 385–389 (2002)
R.F. Martins, W. Davids, W.A. Al-Soud, F. Levander, P. Radstrom, R. Hatti-Kaul, Extremophiles 5, 135–144 (2001)
S. MartÃn, M.C. Márquez, C. Sánchez-Porro, E. Mellado, D.R. Arahal, A. Ventosa, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1383–1387 (2003)
M. Mevarech, F. Frolow, L.M. Gloss, Biophys. Chem. 86, 155–164 (2000)
B.N. Mijts, B.K.C. Patel, Microbiology 148, 2343–2349 (2002)
J.K. Mohana Rao, P. Argos, Biochemistry 20, 6536–6543 (1981)
B.R. Mohapatra, U.C. Banerjee, M. Bapuji, J. Biotechnol. 60, 113–117 (1998)
M.L. Moreno, M.T. Garcia, A. Ventosa, E. Mellado, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 68, 59–71 (2009)
M. Müller-Santos, M. Emanuel, E. de Souza, F. de O Pedrosa, D.A. Mitchell, S. Longhi, F. Carrière, C. Canaan, N. Krieger, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1791, 719–729 (2009)
B. Nowlan, M.S. Dodia, S.P. Singh, B.K. Patel, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1073–1077 (2006)
H. Onishi, J. Bacteriol. 109, 570–574 (1972)
H. Onishi, O. Hidaka, Can. J. Microbiol. 24, 1017–1023 (1978)
H. Onishi, K. Sonoda, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38, 616–620 (1979)
H. Onishi, T. Mori, S. Takeuchi, K. Tani, T. Kobayashi, M. Kamekura, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45, 24–30 (1983)
R.S. Oremland, S.E. Hoeft, J.M. Santini, N. Bano, R.A. Hollibaugh, J.T. Hollibaugh, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 4795–4802 (2002)
A. Oren, Curr. Microbiol. 8, 225–230 (1983)
A. Oren, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63, 334–348 (1999)
A. Oren, in The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, ed. by M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.H. Scheifer, E. Stackebrandt, 3rd edn. (Springer, New York, 2000) (electronic publication)
A. Oren, in Salinity: Environments – Plants – Molecules, ed. by A. Läuchli, U. Lüttge (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002a), pp. 81–96
A. Oren, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 56–63 (2002b)
A. Oren, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 39, 1–7 (2002c)
A. Oren, Saline Syst. 4, 2 (2008)
A. Oren, Environ. Technol. 31, 825–834 (2010)
B. Ozcan, G. Ozyilmaz, C. Cokmus, M. Caliskan, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36, 105–110 (2009)
E. Padan, M. Venturi, Y. Gerchman, N. Dover, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1505, 144–157 (2001)
S. Patel, N. Jain, D. Madamwar, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9, 25–28 (1993)
R.K. Patel, M.S. Dodia, S.P. Singh, Process Biochem. 40, 3569–3575 (2005)
R.K. Patel, M.S. Dodia, R.H. Joshi, S.P. Singh, Process Biochem. 41, 2002–2009 (2006)
S. Paul, S.K. Bag, S. Das, E.T. Harvill, C. Dutta, Genome Biol. 9, R70 (2008)
F. Pérez-Pomares, S. DÃaz, V. Bautista, C. Pire, G. Bravo, J. Esclapez, B. Zafrilla, M. Bonete, Extremophiles 13, 633–641 (2009)
E. Pikuta, R.B. Hoover, A.K. Bej, D. Marsic, E.N. Detkova, W.B. Whitman, P. Krader, Extremophiles 7, 327–334 (2003)
B. Prakash, M. Vidyasagar, M.S. Madhukumar, G. Muralikrishna, K. Sreeramulu, Process Biochem. 44, 210–215 (2009)
T.M. Raghavan, I. Furtado, Curr. Sci. India 86, 1065–1067 (2004)
P.S. Rao, P.L. Sreenivas, Y.P. Devi, M.L. Narasu, J. Aqua. Biol. 21, 129–133 (2006)
L. Rao, X. Zhao, F. Pan, Y. Li, Y. Xue, Y. Ma, J.R. Lu, PLoS One 4 (2009)
M.F. Roberts, Saline Syst. 1, 5 (2005)
R. Rohban, M.A. Amoozegar, A. Ventosa, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36, 333–340 (2009)
I. Romano, B. Nicolaus, L. Lama, M.C. Manca, A. Gambacorta, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 19, 326–333 (1996)
I. Romano, A. Giordano, L. Lama, B. Nicolaus, A. Gambacorta, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 28, 610–618 (2005)
D.M. Ruiz, R.E.D. Castro, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34, 111–115 (2007)
D.M. Ruiz, N.B. Iannuci, O. Cascone, R.E. De Castro, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 51, 691–696 (2010)
K. Ryu, J. Kim, J.S. Dordick, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16, 266–275 (1994)
S. Sabet, L. Diallo, L. Hays, W. Jung, J.G. Dillon, Extremophiles 13, 643–656 (2009)
B. Sana, D. Ghosh, M. Saha, J. Mukherjee, Process Biochem. 41, 208–215 (2006)
C. Sanchez-Porro, E.M.C. Bertoldo, G. Antranikian, A. Ventosa, Extremophiles 7, 221–228 (2003a)
C. Sanchez-Porro, S. Martin, E. Mellado, A. Ventosa, J. Appl. Microbiol. 94, 295–300 (2003b)
Y. Sardessai, S. Bhosle, Biotechnol. Prog. 20, 655–660 (2004)
R. Sareen, U.T. Bornscheuer, P. Mishra, J. Mol. Catal. B. Enzyme 32, 1–5 (2004)
S.H. Saum, V. Müller, Saline Syst. 4, 4 (2008)
A. Sayari, N. Agrebi, S. Jaoua, Y. Gargouri, Biochimie 83, 863–871 (2001)
K. Schumacher, E. Heine, H. Hocker, J. Biotechnol. 89, 281–288 (2001)
G.A. Sellek, J.B. Chaudhuri, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 25, 471–482 (1999)
M.E. Setati, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 1555–1560 (2010)
M. Shafiei, A. Ziaee, M.A. Amoozegar, Process Biochem. 45, 694–699 (2010)
S. Shanmughapriya, G.S. Kiran, J. Selvin, T.A. Thomas, C. Rani, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162, 625–640 (2009)
P.P. Sheridan, J.E. Brenchley, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 2438–2444 (2000)
W. Shi, X.F. Tang, Y. Huang, F. Gan, B. Tang, P. Shen, Extremophiles 10, 599–606 (2006)
P. Shivanand, G. Jayaraman, Process Biochem. 44, 1088–1094 (2009)
K.S. Siddiqui, T. Thomas, Protein Adaptation to High Pressure Environments (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2008)
S. Sinsuwan, S. Rodtong, J. Yongsawatdigul, J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 248–256 (2010)
N. Sivakumar, N. Li, J.W. Tang, B.K.C. Patel, K. Swaminathan, FEBS Lett. 580, 2646–2652 (2006)
D.Y. Sorokin, J.G. Kuenen, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 52, 287–295 (2005)
D.Y. Sorokin, T.N. Zhilina, A.M. Lysenko, T.P. Tourova, E.M. Spiridonova, Extremophiles 10, 213–220 (2006)
D.Y. Sorokin, T.P. Tourova, A.M. Lysenko, L.L. Mityushina, J.G. Kuenen, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 657–664 (2002a)
D.Y. Sorokin, V.M. Gorlenko, T.P. Tourova, A.I. Tsapin, K.H. Nealson, J.G. Kuenen, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 657–664 (2002b)
D.Y. Sorokin, T.P. Tourova, T.V. Kolganova, K.A. Sjollema, G. Kuenen, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 2175–2182 (2002c)
D.Y. Sorokin, T.P. Tourova, A.N. Antipov, G. Muyzer, J.G. Kuenen, Microbiology 150, 2435–2442 (2004)
V.M. Stepanov, G.N. Rudenskaya, L.P. Revina, Y.B. Gryaznova, E.N. Lysogorskaya, I. Filippova, I.I. Ivanova, Biochem. J. 285, 281–286 (1992)
B.J. Switzer, B.A. Burns, J. Buzzelli, J.F. Stolz, R.S. Oremland, Arch. Microbiol. 171, 19–30 (1998)
X. Tadeo, B. López-Méndez, T. Trigueros, A. LaÃn, D. Castaño, O. Millet, PLoS Biol. 7, e1000257 (2009)
T.C. Tan, B.N. Mijts, K. Swaminathan, B.K.C. Patel, C. Divne, J. Mol. Biol. 378, 852–870 (2008)
X. Tian, Y. Xu, H. Liu, P. Zhou, Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 37, 1–6 (1997)
H. Tokunaga, T. Arakwa, M. Tokunaga, Protein Sci. 17, 1603–1610 (2008)
C.R. Tsai, J.L. Garcia, B.K. Patel, J.L. Cayol, L. Baresi, R.A. Mah, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45, 301–307 (1995)
R. Usami, T. Fukushima, T. Mizuki, Y. Yoshida, A. Inoue, K. Horikoshi, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 99, 169–174 (2005)
V.A. Vargas, O.D. Delgado, R. Hatti-Kaul, B. Mattiasson, Biotechnol. Lett. 26, 81–86 (2004)
A. Ventosa, J.J. Nieto, A. Oren, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 504–544 (1998)
M. Vidyasagar, S. Prakash, S.K. Jayalakshmi, K. Sreeramulu, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 655–662 (2006a)
M. Vidyasagar, S.B. Prakash, K. Sreeramulu, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43, 385–391 (2006b)
S. VijayAnand, J. Hemapriya, J. Selvin, S. Kiran, Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 5, 44–49 (2010)
R.H. Vreeland, S. Straight, J. Krammes, K. Dougherty, W.D. Rosenzweig, M. Kamekura, Extremophiles 6, 445–452 (2002)
E.N. Vulfson, P.J. Halling, H.L. Holland, Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents. Methods and Protocols (Humana Press, Totowa, 2001)
C. Wang, Y. Hsieh, C. Ng, C. Chan, H. Lin, W. Tzeng, Y. Shyu, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 44, 373–379 (2009)
J. Weisser, H.G. Trüper, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 6, 7–11 (1985)
P.L. Wejse, K. Ingvorsen, K.K. Mortensen, Extremophiles 7, 423–431 (2003)
Y. Xu, P.J. Zhou, X.Y. Tian, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2163–2167 (1999)
R. Yamaguchi, H. Tokunaga, M. Ishibashi, T. Arakawa, M. Tokunaga, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2010). doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2882-y
J.H. Yoon, D.Y. Shin, I.G. Kim, K.H. Kang, Y.H. Park, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 563–568 (2003)
W. Zhang, Y. Xue, Y. Ma, P. Zhou, A. Ventosa, W.D. Grant, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 789–793 (2002)
T.N. Zhilina, G.A. Zavarzin, F. Rainey, V.V. Kevbrin, N.A. Kostrikina, A.M. Lysenko, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 305–312 (1996)
T.N. Zhilina, E.N. Detkova, F.A. Rainey, G.A. Osipov, A.M. Lysenko, N.A. Kostrikina, G.A. Zavarzin, Curr. Microbiol. 7, 177–185 (1998)
T. Zhilina, E. Garnova, T. Turova, N. Kostrikina, G. Zavarzin, Mikrobiologiia 70, 77–85 (2001)
E.A. Zvereva, T.V. Fedorova, V.V. Kevbrin, T.N. Zhilina, M.L. Rabinovich, Extremophiles 10, 53–60 (2006)
Acknowledgments
The financial support by the Department of Biotechnology (Government of India) is gratefully acknowledged. Author RK, SK and RS are grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India for Research Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karan, R., Kumar, S., Sinha, R., Khare, S.K. (2012). Halophilic Microorganisms as Sources of Novel Enzymes. In: Satyanarayana, T., Johri, B. (eds) Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2214-9_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2214-9_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2213-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2214-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)