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An Introduction to South American Wetland Forests: Distribution, Definitions and General Characterization

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Amazonian Floodplain Forests

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 210))

Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction to the ecology of wetland forests, their ecophysiology, distribution, species diversity, classification and use, with emphasis on Amazonia. Wetland forests occur in all continents and all regions except in deserts, high altitudes, and high latitudes. Their importance for humans and the environment is often underestimated because in developed or densely colonized regions such as Europe, North America, Australia, and the Indian sub-continent, many of them have already been destroyed or strongly modified. In other regions, such as Siberia, the Zaire River basin and the Amazon River basin they still cover large areas; however, scientists and politicians have placed little emphasis on their study and protection, or on developing sustainable management practices. In this chapter, we describe the general terminology for wetland forests and provide a classification of Amazonian wetland forests. We discuss the distribution of major wetland forests in South America and the impact of hydrology and nutrient status of water and soils. Distribution, species diversity, and the level of adaptation of trees of wetland forests is the result of long periods of evolution, without major extinction episodes. These conditions prevailed for many millions of years in the Amazon basin as shown by paleo-climatic and paleo-botanical evidence, leading to the development of the most species rich and highly adapted floodplain forest on the globe. In light of this history, we give examples for specific adaptations and survival strategies. Finally, Amazonian wetlands have been colonized by humans since their arrival on the sub-continent, about 12,000 years BP. More recently, European immigrants have used the wetlands for fishing, subsistence agriculture, timber exploitation and increasingly for cattle and water-buffalo ranching. Large scale ranching activities are especially detrimental for the forested Amazonian wetlands, because ranchers destroy wetland forests to increase the area of natural and planted pastures. This is also detrimental for forestry, fisheries, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State University of Amazonas (UEA), National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA), 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Wolfgang J. Junk

  2. Working Group of Tropical Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany

    Wolfgang J. Junk

  3. National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil

    Maria T. F. Piedade

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  1. Wolfgang J. Junk
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  2. Maria T. F. Piedade
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Correspondence to Wolfgang J. Junk .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. MPI für Limnologie, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plön, 24306, Germany

    Wolfgang J. Junk

  2. Amazonia (INPA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    Maria T. F. Piedade

  3. MPI für Chemie, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, Mainz, 55128, Germany

    Florian Wittmann

  4. Abt. Chemie der Atmosphäre, MPI für Chemie, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, Mainz, 55128, Germany

    Jochen Schöngart

  5. FB Biologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg, 22609, Germany

    Pia Parolin

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Junk, W.J., Piedade, M.T.F. (2010). An Introduction to South American Wetland Forests: Distribution, Definitions and General Characterization. In: Junk, W., Piedade, M., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., Parolin, P. (eds) Amazonian Floodplain Forests. Ecological Studies, vol 210. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6_1

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