Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant Responses to Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities

  • Chapter
Physiology of Cotton

Abstract

To minimize crop yield losses from nutrient deficiencies, it is important to understand how mineral nutrient deficiencies affect metabolism, growth and development, and yield components. A better understanding of these interactions will lead to better diagnosis of deficiencies and improved nutrient management practices.

Mineral elements have numerous functions in plants including maintaining charge balance, electron carriers, structural components, enzyme activation, and providing osmoticum for turgor and growth. The effects of mineral nutrient deficiencies range from the dramatic – immediate cessation of root growth or massive disruption of membranes or cell walls – to the very subtle – such as small changes in the pH of the cytosol, reduced export of carbohydrates, or inability of an enzyme to align correctly with a reactant. Yet each of these can result in oxidative stress (photoinhibition and photooxidation), the ultimate destruction of chloroplasts, and the symptoms which we recognize as chlorosis and necrosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Abbott, A.J. 1967. Physiological effects of micronutrient deficiencies in isolated roots of Lycopersicon esculentum. New Phytol. 66:419-437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, F. and J.I. Wear. 1957. Manganese toxicity and soil acidity in relation to crinkle leaf of cotton. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 21:305-308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin, J.V. and H.E. Joham. 1960. Growth of cotton as influenced by low substrate molybdenum. Soil Sci. 89:101-107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, O.E and F.C. Boswell. 1968. Boron and manganese effects on cotton yield, lint quality, and earliness of harvest. Agron. J. 60:488-493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, O.E. and R.E. Worthington. 1971. Boron and manganese effects on protein, oil content, and fatty acid composition of cotton seed. Agron. J. 63:566-569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley, D.A. and R.D. Goodson. 1972. Effect of time and plant K status on 14C-labeled photosynthate movement in cotton. Crop Sci. 12:686-690.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, A.J.M. and P.L. Walker. 1989. Physiological responses of plants to heavy metals and the quantification of tolerance and toxicity. Chem. Speciation Bioavail. 1:7-17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bednarz, C.W. and D.M. Oosterhuis. 1995. Plant potassium partitioning during progression of deficiency symptoms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Better Crops. Potash and Phosphate Institute. Atlanta GA 79:12-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednarz, C.W. and D.M. Oosterhuis. 1999. Physiological changes associated with potassium deficiency in cotton. J. Plant Nutr. 22:303-313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beringer, H. and F. Nothdurft. 1985. Effects of potassium on plant and cellular structure. In: R.D. Munson (ed.). Potassium in agriculture. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. pp. 351-368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollard, E.G. 1983. Inorganic plant nutrition. pp. 695-755. In: A. Läuchli and R.L. Bieleski (eds.). Encyclopedia of plant physiology, New Series. Vol. 15B. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and NewYork.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondada, B.R., D.M. Oosterhuis, R.J. Norman, and W.H. Baker. 1996. Canopy photosynthesis, growth, yield, and boll 15 N accumulation under nitrogen stress in cotton. Crop Sci. 36:127-133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A. 1986. Effects of phosphorus nutrition on ribulose- 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase activation, photosynthetic quantum yield and amounts of some Calvin-cycle metabolites in spinach leaves. Aust. J. Plant Physiology 13:221-237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouder, S.M. and K.G. Cassman. 1990. Root development of two cotton cultivars in relation to potassium uptake and plant growth in a vermiculitic soil. Field Crops Res. 23:187-203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brouder, S.M. and K.G. Cassman. 1994. Cotton root and shoot response to localized supply of nitrate, phosphate, and potassium: Split-pot studies with nutrient solution and vermiculitic soil. Plant Soil 161:179-193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H.B. and J.O. Ware. 1958. Cotton. 3rd ed. McGraw- Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.C. and W.E. Jones. 1977. Fitting plants nutritionally to soils II. Cotton. Agronomy J. 69:405-409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K.J. 1968. Translocation of carbohydrate in cotton: movement to the fruiting bodies. Ann. Bot. 32:703-713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L.C. and C.C. Wilson. 1952. Some effects of zinc on several species of Gossypium L. Plant Physiol. 27:812-817.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnell, J.N. 1986. The biochemistry of manganese in plants. In: R.D. Grahham, R.J. Hannam, and N.C. Uren (eds.). Manganese in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. pp. 125-137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bussler, W. 1963. Die entwicklung von calcium-mangelsymptomen. Z. Pflanzernernaer., Dueng. Bodenkd. 100:53-58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bussler, W. 1981. Physiological functions and utilization of copper. In: J.F. Loneragan, A.D. Robson, and R.D. Graham (eds.). Copper in Soils and Plants. Academic Press, London. pp. 213-234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cakmak, I. and H. Marschner. 1986. Mechanism of phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency in cotton. I. Zinc deficiency-enhanced uptake rate of phosphorus. Physiol. Plant. 68:483-490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmak, I. and H. Marschner. 1988a. Increase in membrane permeability and exudation of roots of zinc deficient plants. J. Plant Physiol. 132: 356-361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmak, I. and H. Marschner. 1988b. Enhanced superoxide radical production in roots of zinc-deficient plants. J. Exp. Bot. 39:1449-1460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L.C. and R.O. Nable. 1988. Physiological functions of manganese in plants. In: R.D. Grahham, R.J. Hannam, and N.C. Uren (eds.). Manganese in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. pp. 139-154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappy, J.J. 1979. The rooting patterns of soybean and cotton throughout the growing season. Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassman, K.G. 1993. Cotton. In: W.F. Bennett (ed.). Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in crop plants. American Phytopathological Society, APS Press, St. Paul, MN. pp. 111-119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. and P. Barak. 1982. Iron nutrition of plants in calcareous soils. Adv. Agron. 35:217-240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constable, G.A. and A.B. Hearn, 1981. Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment. VI. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of cotton. Irrig. Sci. 3:17-28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constable, G.A. and H.M. Rawson. 1982. Distribution of 14C label from cotton leaves: Consequences of changed water and nitrogen status. Austral. J. Plant Physiol. 9:735-747.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, J. M. and S.W. Rains. 1978. Effects of water stress and hardening on the internal water relations and osmotic constituents of cotton leaves. Physiol. Plant. 42:261-268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donald, L. 1964. Nutrient deficiencies in cotton. pp. 59-98. In: H.B. Sprague (ed.). Hunger signs in crops, 3rd ed. McKay. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggar, W.M. 1983. Boron in plant metabolism. In: A. Läuchli and R.L. Bieleski (eds.). Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series. Vol.15B. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 626-650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, F.M. 1944. Deficiency, toxicity, and accumulation of boron in plants. Agric. Res. 69:237-277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Jaoual, T. and D.A. Cox. 1998. Manganese toxicity in plants. J. Plant Nutr. 21:353-386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ergle, D.R. and F.M. Eaton. 1951. Sulfur nutrition of cotton. Plant Physiol. 26:639-654.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ergle, D.R. and F.M. Eaton. 1957. Aspects of phosphorus metabolism in the cotton plant. Plant Physiol. 32:106-113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, E.S. and W. Bussler. 1988. Effects of magnesium deficiency on carbohydrates in Phaseolus vulgaris. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk. 151:295-298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, A.L. and C.D. Foy. 1968. Root structure reflects differential aluminum tolerance in wheat varieties. Agron. J. 60:172-176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, B.R. and T.C. Tucker. 1967. Nitrogen effects on cotton. I. Vegetative and fruiting characteristics. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 31:780-785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grundon, N.J. 1987. Hungry crops: A guide to mineral deficiencies in field crops. Queensland Dept. Primary Industries. Brisbane, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinn, G. and D.L. Brummett. 1989. Fruiting of cotton. IV. Nitrogen, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and cutout. Field Crops Res. 22:257-266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A.B. 1975. The response of cotton to water and nitrogen in a tropical environment. I. Frequency of watering and method of application of nitrogen. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 73:407-417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A.B. 1981. Cotton Nutrition. Field Crop Abstracts. 34:11-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht-Buchholz, C. 1967. Uber die Dunkelfarbung des Blattgruns bei Phosphormangel. A. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk. 118:12-22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, E.J. 1984. The effects of mineral deficiencies and excesses on growth and composition. In: C. Bould, E.J. Hewitt, and P Needham (eds.). Diagnosis of mineral disorders in plants. Vol I. Principles. Chemical Publishing, NY. pp. 54-110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, S.C. 1992. Nutrient Deficiency Disorders. In: R. Hillocks (ed.). Cotton Diseases. CAB International, Wallinford UK. pp. 355-403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horst, W.J. 1988. The physiology of manganese toxicity. pp. 175-188. In: R.D. Grahham, R.J. Hannam, and N.C. Uren (eds.). Manganese in Soil and Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D.D., and F. Adams. 1965. Calcium requirement for penetration of subsoils by primary cotton roots. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29:558-562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao, T.C. and Läuchli, A. 1986. Role of potassium in plant-water relations. In: B. Tinker and A. Läuchli. Advances in plant nutrition 2:281-312. Paeger Publishers, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, S.C. 1985. Role of potassium in photosynthesis and respiration. In: R.D. Munson (ed.). Potassium in agriculture. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. pp. 369-396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, D.M. and N.S. Wilhelm. 1988. The role of manganese in resistance to plant diseases. In: R.D. Grahham, R.J. Hannam, and N.C. Uren (eds.). Manganese in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. pp. 155-173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, B.S., and T.J. Gerik. 1990. Boll shedding and boll load in nitrogen-stressed cotton. Agron. J. 82:483-488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayalalitha, K. and A. Narayanan. 1996. Growth and mineral composition of magnesium deficient cotton plants grown in solution culture. Ann. Plant Physiol. 10:11-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joham, H.E. 1986. Effects of nutrient elements on fruiting efficiency. In: J.R. Mauney and J. McD. Stewart (eds.). Cotton Physiology, Book 1. The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, pp. 79-89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joham, H.E. and J.V. Amin. 1967. The influence of foliar and substrate application of manganese on cotton. Plant Soil 26:369-379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.L. and L.S. Albert. 1967. Effect of selected nitrogen bases and boron on the ribonucleic acid content, elongation, and visible deficiency symptoms of tomato root tips. Plant Physiol. 42:1307-1309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallinis, T.L. and H. Vretta-Kouskoleka. 1967. Molybdenum deficiency in cotton. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. Proc. 21:507-509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerby, T.A. and F. Adams. 1985. Potassium nutrition of cotton. In: R.D. Munson (ed.). Potassium in Agriculture. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 843-860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leffler, H.R. 1986. Mineral compartmentation within the boll. In: J.R. Mauney and J.McD. Stewart (eds.). Cotton Physiology. Cotton Foundation, Memphis, Tenn. pp. 301-309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leffler, H.R. and B.S. Tubertini. 1976. Development of cotton fruit: II. Accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrients. Agron. J. 68:858-861.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, R.A. and R.G. Wyn-Jones. 1986. Cellular compartmentation in plant nutrition: the selective cytoplasm and the promiscuous vacuole. In: B. Tinker and A. Läuchli (eds.). Advances in plant nutrition 2:249-279. Paeger Publishers, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.H. 1980. Are there inter-relations between the metabolic role of boron, synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins and the germination of pollen? New Phytol. 84:261-270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longstreth, D.J. and P.S. Nobel. 1979b. Nutrient influences on leaf photosynthesis. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for Gossypium hirsutum L. Plant Physiol. 65:541-543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis, W.D. and R.W. Durst. 1992. Chemistry and biology of boron. BioFactors 3:229-239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus-Wyner, L. and D.W. Rains. 1982. Nutritional disorders of cotton. Comm. Soil. Plant. Anal. 13:685-736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press. New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschner, H. and I. Cakmak. 1989. High light intensity enhances chlorosis and necrosis in leaves of zinc, potassium, and magnesium deficiency bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). J. Plant Physiol. 134:308-315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCully, M.E. 1994. Accumulation of high levels of potassium in the developing xylem elements of roots of soybean and some other dicotyledons. Protoplasma 183:1-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mengel, K. 1985. Potassium movement within plants and its importance in assimilate transport. In: R.D. Munson (ed.). Potassium in agriculture. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. pp. 397-411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mengel, K. and W.W. Arneke. 1982. Effect of potassium on the water potential, the osmotic potential and cell elongation in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Plant. 54:402-408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mengel, K. and E.A. Kirkby. 1987. Principles of plant nutrition, 4th ed. International Potash Institute, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, W.R., Jr. and R. Wells. 1989. Potential for increasing cotton yields through enhanced partitioning to reproductive structures. Crop Sci. 29:636-639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moraghan, J.T. 1979. Manganese toxicity in flax growing on certain calcareous soils low in available iron. Soil Sci. Soc. J. 43:1177-1180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins, G.L. and C.H. Burmester. 1991. Dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation by four cotton varieties. Agron. J. 82:729-736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nable, R.O. and J.F. Loneragan. 1984. Translocation of manganese in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of leaf senescence and of restricting supply to part of a split root system. Austral. J. Plant Physiol. 11:113-118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oertli, J.L. and J.A. Roth. 1969. Boron supply of sugar beet, cotton, and soybean. Agron. J. 61:191-195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohki, K. 1975. Lower and upper critical zinc levels in relation to cotton growth and development. Physiol. Plant. 35:96-100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis, D.M. 1990. Growth and development of a cotton plant. In: W.N. Miley and D.M. Oosterhuis (eds.). Nitrogen nutrition of cotton: Practical issues. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 1-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis, D.M. 1995b. Potassium nutrition of cotton in the USA, with particular reference to foliar fertilization. In: G.A. Constable and N.W. Forrester (eds.). Challenging the Future: Proc. World Cotton Conference-1. Brisbane Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne. pp. 133-146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis, D.M. 1996. Research on chemical plant growth regulation of cotton at the University of Arkansas. Proc 1996 Cotton Research Meeting and Research Summaries. University of Arkansas, Agri Exp. St., Special Report 178:10-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis, D.M. 1997. Physiological aspects of potassium deficiency in cotton. Ark. Agri. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rpt. 183:61-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, N.K. and E.R. Purvis. 1961. Development of molybdenum deficiency symptoms in certain crop plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:111-117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, W.T. and W.R. Meredith, Jr. 1997. Dry matter produced, nutrient uptake and growth of cotton as affected by potassium fertilization. J. Plant Nutr. 20:531-548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pissarek, H.P. 1973. Zur Entwicklung der Kalium- Mangelsymptome von Sommerraps. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk. 136:1-19. (Cited in Mengel and Kirkby, 1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pushnik, J.C. and G.W. Miller. 1989. Iron regulation of chloroplast photosynthetic function: mediation for PS I development. J. Plant. Nutr. 12:407-421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. 1990. Response of transpiration and hydraulic conductance to root temperature in nitrogen and phosphorus deficient cotton seedlings. Plant Physiol. 92:855-857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. and R.C. Ackerson. 1981. Water relations of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency. III. Stomatal conductance. Plant Physiol. 67:115-119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. and J.S. Boyer. 1982. Control of leaf expansion by nitrogen nutrition in sunflower plants: Role of hydraulic conductivity and turgor. Plant Physiol. 69:771-775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. and M.P. Eidenbock. 1984. Hydraulic conductance as a factor limiting leaf expansion of phosphorus-deficient cotton plants. Plant Physiol. 75:372-377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. and M.A. Matthews. 1988. Hydraulic conductivity of roots and root cells of nutrient stressed cotton seedlings. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. 8- 8 Jan. 1988. New Orleans, LA. National Cotton Council. pp. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. and J.R. Mauney. 1986. The nitrogen stress syndrome. In. Cotton Physiology, The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, pp. 91-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W. and L.L. Parker. 1979. Water relation of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency. I. Dependence upon leaf structure. Plant Physiol. 64:495-498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramey, H.H. 1986. Stress influences on fiber development. In: J.R. Mauney and J. McD. Stewart. (eds.). Cotton Physiology. The Cotton Foundation. Memphis, Tenn. pp. 351-359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, I.M. and N. Terry. 1989. Leaf phosphate status, photosynthesis, and carbon partitioning in sugar beet. I. Changes in growth, gas exchange, and Calvin cycle enzymes. Plant Physiol. 90:814-819.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rengel, Z. 1992. Role of calcium in aluminum toxicity. New Phytol. 121:499-514.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosolem, C.A. and D.S. Mikkelsen. 1991. Potassium absorption and partitioning in cotton as affected by periods of potassium deficiency. J. Plant Nutr. 14(9):1001-1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rustamov, K. 1976. Importance of copper in nutrition, metabolism and productivity of cotton. Field Crops Abst. 29:791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabino, N.P. 1975. Efeitos da aplicacao de calcario, fosforo e potassio, na qualidade da fibra do alfodoeira cultivado em latossolo roxo. Bragantia 34:153-161. (Quoted by Steward, 1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, F.M. and C.D. Foy. 1982. Interaction of soil manganese and reaction of cotton to Verticillium wilt and Rhizoctonia root rot. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13:21-38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, E.W. 1978. The symptoms of calcium deficiency in plants. New Phytol. 80:1-15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sirkar, S. and J.V. Amin. 1974. The manganese toxicity of cotton. Plant Physiol. 54:539-543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, R.H. and J.W. Radin. 1994. The effect of phosphorus nutrition on water flow through apoplastic bypass on cotton roots. J Exp. Bot. 45:423-428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J.McD. 1986. Integrated events in the flower and fruit. pp. 261-297. In: J.R. Mauney and J. McD. Stewart (eds.). Cotton Physiology. Cotton Foundation, Memphis, Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suelter, C.H. 1985. Role of potassium in enzyme catalysis. In: R.D. Munson (ed.). Potassium in agriculture. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. pp. 337-350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, M.E. 1977. Preliminary NPK foliar diagnostic norms for wheat. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8:149-167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G.J. and C.D. Foy. 1985. Differential uptake and toxicity of ionic and chelated copper in Triticum aestivum. Can. J. Bot. 63:1271-1275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, N. and I.M. Rao. 1991. Nutrients and photosynthesis: iron and phosphorus as case studies. In: J.R. Porter and D.W. Lalor (eds.). Plant Growth: interactions with nutrition and environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. pp. 55-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Assche, F. and H. Clijsters. 1986a. Inhibition of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris by treatment with toxic concentrations of zinc: Effects on electron transport and photophosphorylation. Physiol. Plant. 66:717-721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vangronsveld, J. and H. Clijsters. 1994. Toxic effects of metals. In: M. Farago (ed.). Plants and the chemical elements: Biochemistry, uptake, tolerance, and toxicity. VCH, New York. pp. 149-177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, H. and W. Teichmann. 1968. Feldversuche mit gestaffleten Kupfer- und Stickstoff-Dungergaben in Weser-Ems. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk. 121:97-111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiles, A.B. 1959. Calcium deficiency in cotton seedlings. Plant Dis. Rep. 43:365-367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolhouse, H.W. 1983. Toxicity and tolerance in response of plants to metals. In: O.L. Lang (ed.). Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series. Vol 12C. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 245-300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P.R. 1999. Premature senescence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) – Predominately a po tassium deficiency disorder caused by an imbalance of source and sink. Plant and Soil 211:231-239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Steven C. Hodges

  2. CSIRO Cotton Research Unit, Narrabri, Australia

    Greg Constable

Authors
  1. Steven C. Hodges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Greg Constable
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Crop, Soil, & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Science Building, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA

    James McD. Stewart

  2. Dept. Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA

    Derrick M. Oosterhuis

  3. Texas A&M University, Commerce, TX, 75429, USA

    James J. Heitholt

  4. 161 E. 1st Street, Suite 4, Mesa, AZ, 85201, USA

    Jackson R. Mauney

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hodges, S.C., Constable, G. (2010). Plant Responses to Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities. In: Stewart, J.M., Oosterhuis, D.M., Heitholt, J.J., Mauney, J.R. (eds) Physiology of Cotton. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3195-2_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation